Compare the opening sequences of the film Essay

I have chosen to compare the opening sequence of â€Å"Hannibal† with that of the opening of the classic crime thriller â€Å"Reservoir Dogs. To accurately make comparisons of the two openings it is essential that I study the sound, the use of colour, camera work, lighting text and mise en scene. Not only stating what is there but also why. This has been achieved by first connotating and dennotating each opening. I watched both openings numerous times, both in class and at home. This made it possible for me to decisively analyse and then compare the two openings. The opening sequence of â€Å"Hannibal† begins with a black frame and a sound bridge which consists of a conversation between two people, the voices and content of the conversation are unclear but grab the audiences attention as you need to focus to attempt make out what’s going on. There is calming music being played, piano music, very soft as not to take our attention away from the voices but just to create a subdued atmosphere. From the bottom right hand corner of the screen a small box with an image in it approaches at a slow but steady pace. The camera is revolving around the image. The box gradually begins to enlarge and takes over from the black frame. The reasoning for this technique is so that the audience is immediately involved with the scene, instead of the opening scene just being there, a certain amount of suspense and tension is created as the audience wait to see whether their own interpretations are correct. This is an insight into how the rest of the film is going to go. The main themes and plot are not there in black and white instead you, the audience are invited to read between the lines and go along with Agent Clarice and solve the case. The camera then pans across slowly and what unfolds before us is a significant opening into the storyline. The pace and angle of movement of the camera make it perceivable that the audience is in the form of another person entering the room. The sluggishness of the camera gets the audience waiting in anticipation, you are eager to put a face to the two voices that have been heard throughout. The two colours immediately evident through the interior and lighting are a chilling blue and a fierce red. These are extremely relevant, for the reason that blue is the colour associated with Starling throughout the film, representing her loneliness in her search for Hannibal. Red is a symbol of Hannibal, conveying his murderous characteristics and his dangerous ways. The interior is of a very regal house, this is symbolic of Hannibal himself because previously it has been seen that however disturbed he may be he has to some extent a certain degree of class, in terms of choice of music, arts, food (other than flesh). The two characters are the doctor from the hospital Hannibal was once a resident at and the other a victim of Hannibal, an extremely disfigured man. This acts as a re-introduction to Hannibal, and what he is capable of inflicting on his victims. The conversation progresses between the two and the audience are then witness to four close ups in succession, two of which are over the shoulder shots, enabling us to view the others reaction to what has been said to them. The choice of close ups allow the audience to get an understanding of both characters through facial expressions, who they are and what role they have to play in the story. The doctor appears as the good character whereas the victim appears as the bitter evil character this can be defined by their characteristics, posture and context of their conversation. The scene develops further, with the conversation taking a more direct approach to what is to be the climax of the scene, the introduction of the mask. There are a string of mid shots which present us with more background on both characters. The doctor is wearing some sort of professional nurse’s uniform and â€Å"Cardel† is wearing a suit fitted to his mangled body, although suggesting that he has a certain amount of wealth and social status. As the conversation continues there are two more close-ups which coincide with important parts of the conversation. An example of this is when the word â€Å"thousand† is spoken. This could be seen as a symbolic message, representing the extent of pain â€Å"Cardel† has be subjected to or the extent of revenge he wishes to inflict on Hannibal. The scene ends with a close up gradually changing into an enlarged extreme close up of the mask which is to be the artefact of the movie. The mask takes up the entire screen before fading away into the blackness of the original opening shot. The fact that there has been a cycle from black through to black could suggest that the story may be similar in that there is no answer instead an encircling cat and mouse saga. From the first scene the editing has been very smooth and gradual, there appears to be no rush to get the audience to the story, maybe implying that the story will come to the audience. The mask fades out again at no great pace and then â€Å"Hannibal† appears in a red font, as if to bring fear to the audience. The scene commencing is of a more complexed nature there are more shots with the editing being more sharp and severe. There are a chain of short shots, no longer than a few seconds which are all related to Hannibal in some form. The technique used is to convey that all the images have been taken from a security camera, recording the events of the town centre of Italy, which is a bustling constant moving place, no dramatic incidents just people walking through the streets and cars driving through traffic. The shots have been edited to appear faster than real time. This is another link in with the story line, although there may be no overly dramatic sub-plots there are plenty of twists which will keep the audience alert. Flickered in between these shots, are an image of a brain. The shot is so sudden that the audience only just have enough time to be taken aback let alone comprehend the significance, the fact that Hannibal later eats a brain. There use of pigeons are a link to the â€Å"silence of the lambs† when Hannibal describes Clarice as a pigeon and comes in handy when Hannibal’s face is displayed amongst the pigeons for a few seconds. This technique of suspending time is a method used twice in this scene, the other being when the camera focuses briefly on a man who’s appearance is much similar to that of Hannibal, but we are left unsure whether it is him or not. Either way we are again reintroduced to Hannibal as a physical character rather than just a theme. There are many images of flesh, a representation of cannibalism which is a key theme associated with â€Å"Hannibal†. The shot of the pigs links in with the events later in the film, when the hungry pigs are unleashed to destroy Hannibal. This theme has been carried on from the Hannibal trilogy. Police officers are also used signify the factor of crime and deviance used by both Hannibal and fellow FBI agents of Clarice. The opening scene of â€Å"Reservoir Dogs† has a duration of 7 and half minutes which is exceedingly long for an opening. For a good 6 minutes neither the setting, camera angle nor characters change within the first scene. This makes it a relatively easy opening to analyse although there are many artefacts and themes which are relevant to the rest of the film and must be mentioned. The opening shot is a black frame with a voice over of â€Å"Mr Pink† talking about Madonna. The black frame doesn’t last too long and soon we are introduced to the setting which we are to be subjected to for the next 7 minutes. It is a cheap breakfast dinner. Immediately the audience are placed right next to the main table. It is obvious that the dinner is cheap because of the interior the curtains have a corny appearance, the pictures on the wall look inexpensive the lighting is very false and the condiments on the table are plastic. The camera remains the same throughout, endlessly circling, giving the appearance of a shy little boy wandering around the table always focusing on whoever is speaking or making a gesture of importance, rarely giving us a clean shot of their faces but just enough to introduce the audience to the principle characters. The gangsters light cigarettes and drink coffee, the conversation diverges into that of the origins of Madonna’s song â€Å"Like a virgin† and a few other tedious subject come into play. All the way through we are given extensive time to learn about the 8 men all sitting around the table. All the men bar one are dressed up in the stereotypical gangster outfit, a black suit, white shirt and black tie. This is part of mise en scene, introducing us to the concept of a â€Å"crew† of gangsters all together for a reason. Their appearance however stereotypical is very simplistic and that could be what they are expecting of their proposed heist, this later comes out as irony because the heist is far from simple. There is one man who is not in a suit and that is â€Å"Nice Guy Eddie† he is though in another form of stereotypical gangster attire. He is wearing a blue shell suit, opened up enough to show his big gold necklace on top of his hairy chest. This makes him out to be somebody of importance, maybe the â€Å"boss†. The atmosphere is very smoky, which is a sharp contrast on top of the easily wipeable tables and disposable napkins, this could again be a representation of their plans becoming clouded by unforeseen circumstances. After taking in what is before us the audience begin to want reasoning for why eight gangsters are all together in such a cheap establishment, and it is apparent that they want to be inconspicuous, avoid any unwanted attention from the authorities. This builds up a sense of anticipation, there is now a distinct impression that violence is going to rain. There is another key shot that implies a sense of violence and that is when â€Å"Joe† steps up to pay the bill, the camera pans up and we are given a glimpse of his gun. This is the first sign of possible bloodshed, this builds on the previous sense of anticipation.

Introduction to Personal Development in Health Essay

1.1 Describe the duties and responsibilites of own role My role is to ensure I treat all my clients as individuals, ensuring they always feel safe and at ease when I am around and doing my care, I make sure I read the care plan every day for each client to see if anything has changed since I have last been in there. I am responsible in making sure all my clients are looked after to a brilliant standard ensuring they are always happy with the care I provide for them, keeping them clean by doing personal care and assisting with needs if they need help such as, getting dressed, brushing teeth and combing hair treating the individual with respect and keeping their dignity at all times, ensuring they are eating and drinking properly and getting enough nutrition in their diet. If needed I will help individuals to administrate medication, prompting them if they do it theirselves so they don’t forget too. Keeping the surroundings clean and safe, making sure I tidy up after my self and my client so they are always in a hygenic surrounding desposing of things in the correct way, always wearing my protective clothing incase of cross contimation and encouraging them when I can ensuring they remain independant and empowered. It is my duty to report anything necessary to my manager, if my client is unhappy, if I feel my client is changing or becoming ill I make sure I inform my manager. Lastly I need to make sure I am up to date with all courses and training to make sure my clients are safe at all times and I am not using poor practice in my work place. 1.2 What standards influence your role as a carer and the way you carry out your duties There are many that influence my role such as: Care Standards Act 2000 Health & Safety At Work Act Manual Handling Operations Legislation Codes of Practice National Occupational Standards The Food Standards Act Whistle Blowing Control of Substances Hazardous to Health 1.3 Describe ways you ensure that personal attitudes or beliefs do not  obstruct the quality of your work Firstly remember everyone is an individual and nobody is exactly the same as you, you may have an individual that has beliefs you do not believe in but you should keep this to yourself as its not fair on them to feel as though what they believe in is questioned or wrong and don’t let your own personal feelings get in the way of doing the job correctly and work in a way that supports their needs and beliefs. Try to understand the individual a little more, learning about their history and their beliefs letting them explain it to you this will help you to know alot more about them and make it easier to know their likes and dislikes because of the belief don’t judge the individual for believing in what they do only empathise with them and show you understand and that you respect them and their beliefs. 2.1 Explain why reflecting on practice is an important way to deve lop knowledge, skills and practice It’s important because you will develop more on the things you already know and learn and develop on the things you don’t know you will learn not to make mistakes you may have made in the past and you will learn where improvement is needed which will make you more effecient at the job role you do and alot more confident to do so in knowing how and when to use the skills you have picked up on and put them into practice. 3.1 What sources of support are available to you for your own learning and development? I can find sources of support inside the workplace and outside of the work place, inside the work place I have I have regular supervisions, this is followed by an observation of me in the work place, in the supervision meeting the senior member of staff will tell me how they think I am doing, telling me what I am doing right and also telling me how I could improve in my workplace and things I could work on to better how I am at work. There are also regular meetings so we can do new courses that have come in or renew courses we have already done so our knowledge is always up to date. Outside the work place I could go to the library to widen my learning ability in the workplace or I could do research on the internet. 3.2 Describe the process for agreeing a personal development plan You discuss with a senior member of staff who has watched you and you discuss your improvments that need to be made and proposals on how to meet those objectives and the activites that follows such as reviews and assesments which you both agree on.

A repudiatory breach of contract

A repudiatory breach of contract Disclaimer: This work has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work produced by our Law Essay Writing Service . You can view samples of our professional work here . A repudiatory breach of contract Usually if the employee resigns, the contract terminates and the employee will have no claim against the employer for wrongful dismissal. However, employee’s resignation may result in wrongful dismissal claim if the resignation is a result of the employer’s repudiatory breach of the contract. Under section 95(1)(c) of the Employment Rights Act 1996 the employee is entitled to resign, without giving notice, and can make a claim of wrongful dismissal for the losses he suffered as a result of the early termination of the contract. In order for a claim to succeed, the employee must show that the employer breached either an express or implied contractual term. Furthermore, the employee needs to show that his resignation is a response to the breach, and that such breach was adequately serious to justify the resignation. The employee will also need to show that he had not confirmed the contract following the breach by returning to work. When d etermining the seriousness of the breach, the courts and tribunals will consider the express and implied contractual terms that were breached. The implied duty of trust and confidence is considered an important duty owed to employees by their employers. This duty states that the employer owes duty of support in the event that an employee is subjected by other employees to any form of abuse. It requires an employer to investigate the complaint and to take appropriate action. This was considered in Bracebridge Engineering Ltd v Darby [1990] IRLR 3 where it was held that by failing to provide adequate support and follow appropriate grievance procedure, the employer had breached the implied duty of trust and confidence. In Western Excavating (ECC) Ltd v Sharp [1978] QB 761, the Court of Appeal attempted to define unreasonable conduct and found that the employer must act sensibly in the treatment of his employees. If the employer behaves or conducts his affairs so unreasonably that the e mployee cannot be expected to work in such environment any longer, the employee is justified in leaving. This definition of unreasonable conduct was criticised by Lord Denning, who stated that a certain degree of a particular behaviour may be considered to be in line with the employer’s business. The interpretation is nowadays very wide, however the principle set out in Western Excavating case remains a valid principle in establishing unreasonable conduct. To breach the term of trust and confidence, employer must have been acting in a way that is likely to destroy or seriously damage trust and confidence which must exist between the employer and employee. In Morrow v Safeway Stores plc [2002] IRLR 9, the employee was publicly reprimanded and generally had a bad working relationship with the manager of the store. The Employment Tribunal held that although the public reprimand was a breach of the implied term of trust and confidence, it was not serious enough to entitle the emp loyee to resign and claim unfair dismissal. The Employment Appeal Tribunal overturned this decision and emphasised that the breach of implied term of trust and confidence, if committed, is a fundamental breach stemming from the contract itself, and as such will entitle the employee to resign.

How essential is the measurement of personality for organisations Essay

How essential is the measurement of personality for organisations - Essay Example Development is the growth of the body and the mind; it is the enhancement of the personality in its most fine sense, to its highest degree. Dedication is the blessing of the well disciplined and properly developed personality traits, for a dignified and noble cause. (Aiken, L. R. (2006) Discipline on the other hand, is a negative aspect of the ethics trait, and it sought to control desires, fervor and craving. Sometimes, when describing a famous person or a well-known person, we hear the words â€Å"he has a ‘beautiful personality† When a person is a possessor of such great virtues such as will power, good self confidence, earnestness, integrity, power of discrimination and pleasing manners, he is known to have a good personality. And when that is the case, then no doubt a good personality is attractive to others and that in itself, leads to external beauty. Following the famous saying â€Å"do not judge a book by its cover† we must not take good looks as a sign of a good personality. A good looking face is always deceiving. If we go by the dictionary meaning of personality, it is the incorporated compilation of a person’s psychological, emotional, intellectual, and physical characteristic, as they are shown to other people.(Neukrug, E. S., & Fawcett, R. C. (2010) Large organizations, before hiring employees, put them through tests which are specially designed to measure the different dimensions of a personality and its related characteristics.( Grout, J., & Perrin, S. (2002).   These tests are not conducted to predict the behavior of the employees but to single out individuals, who may have a tendency for troublemaking, or may be frauds or engage in theft. Employers use personality tests to understand the traits of their employee and whether the employee is the best fit for the organizational setting. Unlike normal tests, a personality test require the applicant to answer questions which are both pleasant and unpleasant, and in turn reveal

Qestuions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Qestuions - Assignment Example Births are accompanied by responsibilities that relate to taking care of the new born. Preparation and planning for the arrival of a newborn is a form of inherent stress that is normal for any family. Normal Stress outside the Family. An example of a stress in this category is tax liabilities. Tax liabilities emanate from the external environment of the family as they are regulated and imposed by the external legal systems. Adherence to tax requirements is a compulsory condition that the family has to contend through inclusion of a budget. Any budget deficits or failure to comply causes stress. The compulsory nature of tax remittance makes the stress normal. Abnormal Stress inside the Family. Family violence is a vice. Therefore, it is abnormal for families to experience the events of violence as they are preventable and unnecessary. Family violence subjects the family members to harm and loss as well as undermining of their dignity. Abnormal Stress outside the Body. War is a vice th at is external to a family as it involves conflict among many social units. War may lead to stress related to replacement and loss of property. This form of stress can be averted through promoting harmony in the society. Reaction to Stress Normal Stress Inside The Family Normal Stress Outside The Family -Family planning -Health security -Clear role definition -Saving -National planning -Tax preparedness -Venturing on self employment -Self reliance Abnormal Stress Outside The Family Abnormal Stress Outside The Family -Promoting awareness on the dangers of drug abuse -Legal action against offenders -National planning -Disaster preparedness -International sanctions towards war instigators 2. A good beginning definition of "theory" might be "A theory suggests a model, or representation, of the way things are." With this definition in mind, describe:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A. A good theoretical answer to the Hobbesian Question   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hobbesian question seeks t o understand how order is possible in a world characterized by competition for scarce resources. Order is possible because every person is dependent and connected to their own social world. Social role play and specialization determine the part to be played by every member of a family; thus avoiding conflict and enhancing the maintenance of order. The nature of the social roles that the families undertake are normally interconnected, and alienated by time and sequence of events. For instance, school goers normally take showers every morning at a certain sequence. The changing social demands force people to change survival tactics while still adhering to social order. Maintenance of social order eliminates any form of disagreements. A. How are family rituals important to the study of family crises? Family rituals refer to the family’s adaptation to the changing social demands. According to John Pardeck, adherence to rituals avoids conflicts as the changes are enacted in refere nce to the stipulated order. Disagreements may occur if the family members do not adhere to the rituals. For instance, the existence of a standard operating procedure enables the success of morning rituals. Rituals help researchers to understand the source of any conflict arising from the

The Quality Movement Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Quality Movement - Article Example Others define quality on bases of facilities in the hospital like vehicles (ambulance), scanning machines and other health care equipments (Hickey and Brosnan, 2012). In respect to MGH, quality is the ability and efforts made by professional to provide health care services to individuals with an aim of achieving the desired outcome through application of the current professional knowledge. MGH is determined to provide the combination of patient care services that optimise the health of the surrounding population. MGH is also determined to provide an effective, efficient care of high quality to the patients all the time (Massachusetts General Hospital, 2015). MGH monitors outcome by assessing the effects of the health care provided to patients and population. The hospital monitors the ability and efforts made to diagnose, treat and prevent health problems. MGH views the monitoring process as the bottom line since it gives an evaluation of the quality (Institute of Medicine, 2001). MGH performs condition specific approach in which professionals examines the outcome or end results of an individual in a certain diagnosis. The hospital also performs generic approach in which it monitors outcomes like patient satisfaction, mortality and change in status (Institute for Healthcare Improvement, 2011). Related Data in MGH is collected by use of questionnaires filled in by patients and members of public. The patients respond to questions about the services obtained in the hospital. The patients also rate the hospital’s service. The forms filled by patients are then checked by the department of research in order to understand the areas to improve and note the hospital’s weakness (Institute of Medicine, 2001). Technologically, MGH has advanced because it utilizes the use of new technology in service provision. The hospital fills patient’s data in computer unlike other hospital which uses hard copy papers

Software Architectures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Software Architectures - Essay Example Logic tier is associated with the manipulation of the data in use by the application. It is commonly referred to as the implementation of "business logic", the "brains" of the application. Presentation tier is associated with the displaying of the manipulated data on the screen. (Scott Rosenthal, 2007) In the beginning, all three functional tiers were located at the central server, the Mainframe. Users could access this centralized computer by the means of dumb terminals. Applications in which the three tiers are located at the user's local system are known as Desktop applications. The commonly used Microsoft Office application is an example of desktop application. The 1980s saw the advent of the popular two-tier, client-server architecture. In this arrangement the application running in the client machine interacts with the server, most commonly, a database management system. The client contains the presentation logic and the business rules. Thus making changes to the business rules caused changing and redistributing the application. This gave rise to the implementation of the three-tier architecture which visualized the separation of the presentation logic and the business rules. (Scott Rosenthal, 2007) Adopting of any particular architecture for a software application is based on what that a... It depends on the number of users trying accessing the application. Two-tire client-server architectures work fine if the number of users is expected to be low, less than 100 and when non-real-time information processing is required. Today, however, the increasing complexity of client/server applications, the sophistication of technologies available and access to the internet all contribute to the high performance demand of the application. The trend today, therefore, is evidently towards more complex three-tier architectures. Examples Today, the IS (information systems) organizations prefer to buy certain applications such as those for accounting and human resources instead of developing them themselves. The vendors of packaged enterprise software, such as SAP, Oracle etc. that make these applications have implemented them on three-tier client/server architectures because to them the sophistication of available technologies required a three-tier architecture to provide adequate performance. (Gill, 1998) The advent of internet giving rise to millions of users requesting for information processing and companies adding back-end databases have given rise to the adoption of three-tier architecture or conversion from two-tier to three-tier architecture in application development in order to provide the increased scalability needed. Today, over the internet, real-time information processing is required everywhere. Be it sending/receiving important e-mails for business purposes, playing online games with people in different parts of the world or even browsing for information for school assignments. This demand for real-time information processing has obligated the web application developers to

Week three Assignment 1 KJ Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week three 1 KJ - Assignment Example I would like to point that that the following are the leading SCR companies in USA: i. Nokia Corporations- As the leading telecommunications company, Nokia Inc h positively impacted on the lives of many people. A part from offering education services on health and agriculture, it ensures that all its products are free of harmful toxicities like chlorine and bromine. ii. Adidas- Adidas has been very much concerned about sustainable environmental conservation. In fact, it was one of the few organizations which sent their climate declarations to the Congress. Besides, most of its products are made up of between 50 and 100% recycled materials. iii. Cisco Systems Incorporations-sit has demonstrated its commitments towards CSR by reaching out to the people who might not be exposed to the internet. It collaborated with other like minded entities to establish Community Knowledge Centers in many countries in the Sub-Saharan Africa so as to provide them with internet connectivity. Besides, it’s very much concerned about environmental

Quality, Productivity and Process Improvement for the California DMV Essay

Quality, Productivity and Process Improvement for the California DMV - Essay Example However, they want to provide efficient services to their customers. For this reason, the director of the company along with the steering committee took steps to plan a business re-engineering project. They monitor each aspect of the business functions of the agency thoroughly. This is done to find those weak points which required to be changed. In this situation when the agency’s motive is to increase their quality of service and performance, re-engineering of the business process is done. Re-engineering involves uprooting the weak points in the system totally, planning out a new framework for a solution and finally implementing the designed solution. The business policies supporting these systems also need to be changed along with the new framework. This will not only bring productivity but enhance the performance level of the company as a whole. Table of Contents Abstract 2 Introduction 4 Analysis 5 Discussion 7 Application 8 Conclusion 9 References 11 Introduction The Cali fornia Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) is a state government owned agency which registers the vehicles and boats in the state of California. They issue driver's licenses in the state to the vehicle owners. The agency also regulates the car dealers, commercial vehicles, the private driving schools and the traffic schools. The Department of Motor Vehicles works in coordination with the Superior Courts of California. It is responsible for carefully monitoring the wrong practices, if any, and regulates the licensing activities. Its headquarters is in Sacramento. There are about 9,000 employees working in the agency in different places. Nowadays, DMV has converted its licensing and registration activities into online services through an automated system called Automated Management Information System (AMIS) (Carroll, 1991, p. 210-211). In this study we are going to analyze the problem areas of DMV, the hurdles that it faces due to the old framework of the agency, and the degrading qual ity of services provided by the employees. After exploring these issues and finding out the causes behind their occurrence, the probable solutions can be suggested. The agency deals with a large number of vehicle owners around the country. Moreover, the task of regulating and monitoring can be really vital when the agency is state owned and is controlled by the Superior Courts of the state. But it is generally seen that state owned agencies are usually run on the age old policies and regulations. They do not introduce any new framework or structure or strategy into the system to encourage growth. This leads to regarding quality services. The employees become corrupt and involved in taking bribes. Analysis DMV in California is a state owned agency regulating and monitoring the vehicles and boats and their owners in California. The agency is run by the government under the supervision of the Superior Courts. So it can be understood that the framework of rules and regulations is old, t he structure of the organization and the functions and strategies need to be changed or amended. Major changes were required in the service delivery departments of driving license, personal and commercial vehicles. DMV mainly wanted to improve the quality of services they were offering to their customers. The performance of the employees as well as the IT department was poor due to their outdated technology and networking. So it is important to first see what quality means and how they can improve

Keynse v Friedman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Keynse v Friedman - Essay Example A weak aggregate demand could cause unemployment to rise and starts a negative cycle of boom and bust in economics. The general thrust of a government whenever there is a threat of recession is to intervene and use fiscal and monetary tools to mitigate the ill effects of a recession. A key recommendation of Keynes during a down economic cycle was stimulus spending by the government by deficit spending which at first glance is counter-intuitive as it requires spending using money that a government does not have in the first place and might cause inflation and devaluation. If his ideas were adopted earlier, it could have made the Great Depression less severe and shorter. Milton Friedman (1912-2006) is a famous American economist in his own right and he won the coveted Nobel Prize in Economics in 1976 for challenging the ideas of Keynes. In particular, he argued there is always a persistent unemployment that government policies can only reduce to a certain extent. The trick, he argues, is give free market capitalism free rein in promoting jobs and thereby increase in the process the level of aggregate consumption or the so-called aggregate demand of Keynesian economics. He denounced Keynesian economics as as socialism with his famous remark that â€Å"there is no such thing as a free lunch.† He sees government intervention as interference of free markets and a dangerous act (Friedman

Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity Essay Example for Free

Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity Essay Just as the title describes, Entwistle explains within the book the attempts and varied approaches of integrating both psychology and Christianity, two entities which seem to have been at odds with each other since the time of Galileo. By explaining key historical conflicts, such as instances of friction between religion and science, readers are able to understand how psychology and Christianity are intertwined, and how the same principles that hold them together also seek to push them apart. As said best by Entwistle, â€Å"The interaction of psychology and theology is virtually inevitable due to their mutual interest in understanding the ambiguities and mysteries of human behavior, and healing human brokenness. † (Entwistle, 2010, p.51) According to Entwistle each person has their own worldview, a unique way in which one sees the world around them shaped by their own experiences, knowledge, and culture. The family we were born into, the town we grew up, the continent our town is located all help shape our worldview. Our worldview allows us to question if what we believe is true and if our beliefs have a place within our religion. In taking a Christian worldview believing and understanding in the creation, Fall, redemption, and consummation provides a starting point for integration by allowing Christians to understand how the world around them began and their place in that world. (Entwistle, 2010, p.67) Five paradigms are described as ways of relating psychology to Christianity and they are as follows: enemies, spies, colonialists, neutral parties, and allies as subjects of one sovereign. As enemies, there is no possible way that psychology and Christianity can be integrated. As spies, allegiance is held to one while borrowing principles from the other. As colonialists, there is a recognition of the importance of psychology, but does not attempt to use any of its principles. As neutral parties, both psychology and Christianity recognize findings that are paramount between the two, however both are separated from one another. And lastly, as allies the integration of both psychology and Christianity embrace the word and works of God and his ability to rule over both disciplines. (Entwistle, 2010, p.154) In conclusion, the road to integrating psychology and Christianity continues to be a long one. As Christians, we know that God is the creator of man and that we are born in His image but have sinfully fallen short, and that Jesus died for our sins so we are able to seek forgiveness. The Bible remains our guide for daily living. Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and our behaviors attempting to explain why we think and behave the ways we do. â€Å"Rather, the task at hand is the difficult work of reading the psychological and biblical sources, checking the research and the interpretations, and then asking how together they can help us attain a more complete picture of the human condition.† (Entiwistle, 2010, p.267) Concrete Response In reading this book it triggered a memory from over ten years ago. In 2001, I lost my great-grandmother to heart related issues. For me her death went farther than just losing a relative. As far back as I can remember my great-grandmother was a part of my daily life. My mother had me when she was still in high school so naturally she still lived at home. My father was nonexistent in my life so my world revolved around a house full of women: my mother, grandmother, and great-grandmother. I had just graduated high school and was anxiously approaching the start of my first semester in college the following August. Everyone else in the household was at work, while I was enjoying my summer vacation. It was still early in the morning and my great-grandmother had decided to lay down for an early nap. At this point in her life she needed help remembering when to take her medications so I went to her bedroom to wake her up. Upon entering her bedroom I did not notice anything out of the ordinary, but as I nudged her and called her name I became more frantic as the realization of my worst fears came to fruition, that no matter what I did she would never wake up again. One of the first questions that came to mind was, â€Å"Why God?† Then, â€Å"Why me?† soon followed. But as a Christian, I understood that God has a plan for all of us. When I was able to see through my grief I knew that her suffering on Earth was over and she was in her heavenly home. However, this event solidified in my mind the concept that we are mortals and our days on Earth are numbered. In some way I feel this event helped shape my decision to help others. Reflection In reading this book, some questions come to mind. While discussing the history and innate differences between psychology and Christianity why did Entwistle not find it relevant to discuss the ways the two had been integrated in the past? Relevant to the history of both are the few people through history that have used both psychology and theology in healing the minds and bodies of followers. Even Native American shamans used both the healing properties of plants and medicines and their belief and worship of spiritual beings to restore health to believers. I think it is important that in moving forward for one to understand the past in preventing history from repeating itself and by learning from others mistakes. Another point I feel that Entwistle failed to make is the possibility of our worldview changing. I feel that although our worldview is shaped over the course of our life that there are reasons that would cause a person’s worldview to change dramatically. For instance, let’s consider a child that has known nothing but abuse and neglect since being brought into the world. Everything they know about the world is skewed by the will to merely survive from day to day. Consider how that child’s worldview would change once that child has been removed and placed with either a foster-family or relative that can begin to teach them that love, trust, and stability do exist in the world. Would that child now hold a different worldview? Action I believe that I have learned many things concerning the integration of psychology and Christianity. The community mental health facility in which I work does not endorse the use of religion in counseling sessions due to their ethics and boundaries policy. However, I feel by allowing the client the opportunity to discuss their own feelings and stance on religion opens the door for me as a therapist to utilize that information in integrating religion into their counseling sessions. By allowing them to include such an integral part of their life I feel they are going to be more successful in overcoming illness and life problems that are their undoing. In conclusion, knowing that I have such limited expertise and experience in combining both religion and psychology, I think it is important as a therapist to know if you are practicing outside your realm of knowledge, therefore I am interested in learning what facilities exist that provide Christian counseling in proximity to my hometown. Clients should feel empowered and have options with which services they receive. It is through my years of working as a therapist that I have also learned clients’ want to feel like they are choosing what is best for themselves rather than being forced. I know I share the same views in my own life and hope I can help others heal within theirs. References Entwistle, D.N. (2010). Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity. (Second Edition e.d.). Eugene, OR: Cascade Books.

Myth Of Sisyphus And The Allegory Cave Essay Example for Free

Myth Of Sisyphus And The Allegory Cave Essay In the world of philosophy, it is widely known conception that Socrates and Plato had been the first few philosophers. A friend of mine once told me that some things that are said by philosophers could be footnoted to Plato. However, the validity of this statement may still be dubitable or debatable. But there is a point in this statement. It would then be hard for me to identify which philosopher had presented a compelling vision of the struggles and meaning of human life. Plato had presented as an idealist may have claimed that the man from the cave who had accepted the glaring sun would have to be the person who had sought the truth. Taking out the metaphorical aspect in the allegory, it seems that what Plato wants to convey is that man and his folly could not be reined at times especially when they are presented with the Truth. A man then who is trying to present this Truth would then be deemed as insane or they would shun his/her assertions as false or even wrong (Brians). On the other hand, Camus has presented us with a different side of human nature. Upon reading the Myth, I could fairly deduce that Camus wanted to convey the idea that Sisyphus’ ordeal could be taken in twofold. First is that it may just be pure torture to not be able to fulfill an ultimate goal and it could be seen as a victory on his part viz. being able to fulfill the destiny and be happy about it (Keefer). Reading what was said above and reading further the original text, there seems to be a connection between the two philosophers. The connection here is that Plato in his search for the truth is like Camus’ where it could be inferred that Camus’ discussion about life in general could mean finding the truth about life by doing the best we could in what we have in life. The connection may be arbitrary for others but this is what I could fairly deduce, so far. This certain connection then is making it hard for me to actually choose which philosopher had best described the meaning and struggles of human life. I could always go for the idiosyncratic or eccentric way that people tend to cling to ignorance and half-truths, which would be taken here as the little ‘t,’ or I could always go for the peculiar way where people would tend to find happiness in the absurd. Whichever philosopher I would choose, it would still trickle down to one idea, which is that the meaning and struggles that is present in human life could no longer be grasped in just choosing between the two philosophers. What they could present to us though is that a certain view about it but taking this question into the big picture would make it hard for a person to actually present an answer as quickly as one could blink the eye. Alas, the specifications had been set. In lieu of what were mentioned above, it is in great belief that Albert Camus has presented us a unique and dark approach in the struggles and meaning of human life. Not because his time is much closer than the present time but his approach has given me a new perspective that Plato did not. Camus, description of human life could be construed as something ‘absurd. ’ It seems that he believed in finding happiness in the absurdities that are presented to us and still say that â€Å"all is well (Keefer). † In a way, his assertion could be observed through other people in this world. Some people rejoice in the merest things and some people find it hard to be happy about the simplest things. To sum up what constitutes human nature and life would take me a lifetime or more to make me come up with an answer. What could be done though is the speculation that Camus’ claim could be justified in few of the people that I know. What is essentially a big score for Camus’ work is that he had been able to deduce a certain aspect of human nature and life where there are those who could rejoice in the mundane thinking that this is their life and the struggles that they have vary with such embracing of life. Plato, by using his works, could be deemed as an idealist. His concept of the world of forms and world of objects (â€Å"The Philosophy of Plato†), itself could be a way to rationalize his idealism. Yet, Plato had been one of the first few philosophers of his time and his deductions are commendable. This would not mean though that Plato would not have his flaws. One of this could be his assertion that man would continually find truths and few or nobody could be able to truly grasp the Truth since this Truth resides in the world of forms and it is what could be found in our soul (â€Å"The Philosophy of Plato†). What could be presented to us then is the replica of those Truths. This assertion may have been reasonable enough but as the course of the changing path of philosophy, Plato’s work could now be compared to other philosophers. The struggle then that a person would have according to Plato is to be able to find the truth and hopefully discover the big ‘T,’ Truth (Brians). In this aspect, what could be the strongest point that the opposition could present then is the fact that indeed some people are still struggling to find the truth. The meaning of life or our real identity is few of the truths that could still be found. This may be a big point for the opposition but not all of the people would believe this as so. They would naturally attribute this as curiosity that we have regarding the concept of life and some people usually get lost along the way that they tend to just accept the absurdities that are happening around them. Finding the meaning of life and wondering about the struggles that presents us would have taken us a lifetime. It is actually a tedious and sometimes a disappointing exercise. Yet most of the people are still, consciously or unconsciously, tries to resolve this big matter. I may not be in a position to prescribe how a person would be able to achieve these feats but I may be able to give out my own opinions about it. Choosing Camus’ work would definitely imply that I am under the impression that human life and conditions would not be easily resolved by trying to look for it in the form of the big ‘T’ or Truth like Plato had insinuated in his allegory. It is in my opinion that some people would not be actually be able to find the real meaning of life but he/she could more or less find a certain idea of what it would mean to live out the life that he/she has. Camus had summed it up through his Myth. In a way, it would be up to us on how we would be able to address the jackpot question that is life. We may be the defeated hero or we could take it out as the defiance against the forever frustration of the question and try to live out the life that we already know it to be. Although this would not necessarily mean stagnation but it would be called embracing what we have and try to make it our own ultimate goal to succeed. This mean then that people would be able to change the course or path that they could take especially when it could change in the long run. The only assertion that I could make then is that it would then depend on perspectives. Work Cited Article from the link given : Myth of Sisyphus by Albert Camus The Allegory of the cave. htm The Philosophy of Plato. 2002. September 21, 2007. http://radicalacademy. com/philplato1. htm.

Comparison Of Environment Between India And Bhutan Environmental Sciences Essay

Comparison Of Environment Between India And Bhutan Environmental Sciences Essay The world is challenged by many environmental issues. Keeping in mind its pros and cons many countries around the world are adopting different methods to combat those issues. With rapidly changing world, it has its own desires to accomplish .Once a peaceful place, now with economic development it has changed a lot. Even rural areas have moved from a stone age to a modern one. The pollution from these modern facilities has highly degraded the pristine environment and thus contributing significantly in global warming. In order to become rich over night, the people from rural areas do carry out poaching activities such as killing of wild boar, tigers, rein, deer ,bears and other endangered species, thus again degrading the environment due to unbalanced natural lifestyle which directly contributes to areas become barren, water sources getting dried and these factors directly contributes to high investment plan in saving both planet earth and human life. With so many economic activities and peoples undying desire to make wealth has resulted in some serious environment concerns. Never the less, as a saying goes necessity is the mother of invention.The economic development activities should take place with sound ecological knowledge. Now with lots of awareness programs on environment conservation being conducted by Royal Government of Bhutan, the people from different districts has geared towards saving the planet earth in their own small ways by doing lots of mitigation works to restore the greenery and go green once again. SOME OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN BHUTAN Some of the major environmental issues in Bhutan are Deforestation as People in Bhutan are mostly farmers and illiterate who earn their living through agricultural products. Illegal logging of timber has been popular and it is also the part of black marketing for those products. In order to make more room for agricultural works, forests are being felled. Trees are being out for timbers which are sold at double the price. In the wake of these activities, wild life forced to survive in increasingly fragmented spaces around Bhutan. This has lead to loss of biodiversity and degradation of ecological services. Vast areas of forest in Bhutan is destructed for agricultural practices and exploited for products like wood, timber without planting new growth. This is a serious issue which has to be looked upon in Bhutan (CBD, 2002). Due to deforestation, mainly cutting beyond limits for fuel extraction has resulted major land degradation and soil erosions in Bhutan. It is a manmade as well as natural phenomenon .The total area under forest is 72.5% of the country and the cultivated area is only 7.8 %( CSO).There has been also case of minor forest fire caused by the people. With the modern agricultural practice, people in rural areas has cautiously adopted the method of using excess chemical fertilizers and use of heavy equipments such as power tiller which eventually resulted in decline capability to produce agricultural products. Air pollution is defined as undesirable change in physical or biological characteristics of air, water and land brought about by mans activities that may harmfully affect living organisms and other resources. Air pollution resulted in declined crop output and developed concerns about public health. The number of industries are increasing and as a result the GDP has gone up from 0.01% in 1982 to3.2% in1992(MoP 1996).The sources of air pollution are burning of fossils fuels, automobiles, industries like the fertilizer plants, thermal plants, textile industries and steel plants as shown in figure 1. 2. Water pollution is a major problem associated with the developing countries.The major pollutants are the organic matter of the sewer, metallic substances and other inorganic chemicals from the industries, hot water, oil, inorganic fertilizers and pesticides as shown in figure 1.1. Fig1.1Fig1.2 Left: Water pollution.Right: Air pollution. Waste disposal is an emerging problem in Bhutan especially in urban areas such as in Thimphu, Phuentsholing, Gelephu and Bumthang. In the absence of improperly disposed of vacant land. All of these are serious health hazard apart from being eyesores. They boost numbers of insects vector like flies. Mosquitoes, scavengers such as stray dogs, pigs and rats which spread dangerous diseases. The wastes can be classified into: A=Biodegradable-The biodegradable wastes are those that can be decomposed. For example, kitchen wastes, animal dung, etc. B=Non-biodegradable-The non-biodegradable wastes are those that cannot be decomposed and remain as such in the environment. For example, plastics, nuclear wastes, glass, etc. Over grazing is one of the main issues in rural areas as raising cattle and other domestic animals have contributed to livelihood of many people. Usually people in rural areas have access to all sorts of facilities but keep animals at the backyard of our homes is very natural. These habits of keeping animals have resulted in plant material faster than it naturally grows. This had lead permanent loss of plant cover. Poaching has been practiced a long time back during the times of my grandparents and still this modern day such act lives alive. It is a fast way to earn lump sum amount and since most of people in rural areas are uneducated, they do not know the consequences of such practices. So many wild animals have been killed mainly to export their skin and bones which fetch high prize in the market. Stories of killing endangered species such as tigers, leopards had been recorded. Example: people in my village have killed two bears, a tiger and a wild boar for the reason associated with destruction of their crops and domestic animals. SOLUTIONS TO COMBAT THOSE ISSUES The mother earth is so kind. We are gifted with every necessity. For economic growth, different countries set up factories and technology which caused great deal of pollution. The rapidly changing world has many environmental issues to be combated. To do so, some solutions are laid below. People should be showed with the knowledge of converting a bare agricultural space by planting trees for their own good. For every one tree they cut, two trees should be planted. Farmers should be taught the right ways to plant trees. Planting trees around homes will be good for self. Planting trees are healthy activities as it will conserve soil, water and air pollution. It will create conditions more conducive to flora and fauna. Then our country look so beautiful and peaceful with all different kinds of trees ,flowers, wild animals,etc.and it will lead to increase in income or revenue for the economy for the economy as many tourists will visit our country. So it should be encouraged in the urban as well as in rural. Control of water pollution is mainly by sewage treatment, effluent treatment and public awareness by not letting them to dump sewage or garbage into the river and air pollution can be controlled by reducing number of factories, industries and vechiles.Air pollution can be controlled by methods depending on the source and the pollutant. Some of the methods used are good quality fuel, vehicles running on alternate sources of energy and using solar cookers or bio gas, planting of trees that remove the pollutinggases and clean the atmosphere and creating public awareness about the effects of air pollution. Soil or land conservation is of the important environmental problems in Bhutan that should be looked upon. People should be discouraged from using chemical fertilizers. Instead they can be inspired to use natural fertilizers. Use of heavy equipments can be also discouraged, so that soil retains its fertility as shown in figure 1.3and 1.4 Fig.1.3Fig.1.4 Left: Soil conservation.Right:Soil erosion. Poaching can be stopped by not demanding poached goods. Local leaders can be involved with programs that support and conserve animals. Boundaries should be identified to build parks for those animals so, that species are free from man. Local leaders take the initiatives or measures to protect animals that fall under endangered species. Migration from rural to urban areas can be controlled and solved by developing and bringing changes in rural areas. Government should provide better facilities such as health, education, safe drinking water and on top of that by providing job opportunities thus removing poverty, inequality and unemployment. Then people in rural areas will not migrate to urban areas. Waste management can be controlled by disposing in right disposal areas and places. It can be controlled by collecting or storing waste and transporting them for recycle. It can be controlled by showing different programs like malaria, skin diseases, water borne diseases etc.So that people will aware of those diseases and they will not throw their wastes where ever they like. The main strategy of Nature Conservation Division is to conserve ecosystem but the people and its socio economic development is equally important. People of Bhutan have been interacting with nature for many years and is viewed important to respect their right and aspirations. However for any major development interventation, the effect on biodiversity and protected areas should be carefully assessed. Therefore all development projects within the protected areas buffers on and biological corridor should be given higher priority for environment impact assessment, as is introduced by National Environmental Conservation. Adaption management is more focus on flexibility of plans to adjust to changing circumstances and insights. It is usually based on circular management process and allows the information about the past and to improve the management in the future .This kind of approach is favorable due to complex ecosystem and their interaction with the people for its uncertainty .The strategic plans of Nature Conservation Division is not fixed rather dynamic to meet the new opportunities and immediate needs, for flexible budgeting and rapid disburse not procedure. Almost all the protected areas in Bhutan are inhibited by people. The NCDs (Nature Conservation Divisions) strategy to pressure the environment is through involvement of different sectors of government and particularly the local people .Local knowledge and tradition is very important tool to tackle the forces that destroy the environment. Since the beginning of development planning in the 1960s, Bhutan has placed environmental conservation as the main concern while developing policies for socio-economic development (RGoB, 2002; Wangchuk, 2006). The Forest and Nature Conservation Act of Bhutan 1995 has given more importance in the active involvement of rural communities in forestry activities. It brought about major changes in forest management by paving the way for community and private forestry (CF, PF) for the benefit of rural communities. The community forest was established in Bhutan initially to conserve the environment as government realized the importance of local participation in the conservation. (Chhetri, Schmidt Gilmour, 2009). Before the introduction of community forest in Bhutan, people were not concerned and responsible about the forest and the natural resources it provided. As the development taking place rapidly in the country, there was growing pressure on the natural environment because of increase in demand of raw materials for construction especially wood beside stone, sand and other natural resources. There was support and cooperation from local people and became latter as effective poverty reduction methods. The people at the local level benefited from the ecosystem goods as they could not only consume for themselves but also could sell and earn income as a result they realize the importance of preservation of it. Therefore, community forest became popular and spread to all parts of the country. When the forest was a national property, people were not concerned and everybody wanted to extract as much benefit as they could without eco-friendly methods but when the forest was converted into community forest thereby entrusting responsibility and authority to people themselves, people began to know its benefits and started conserving it and now its successfully working in Bhutan. Example: Tshaphel community forest in Haa had ever harvested even a single timber from their community forest, in October 2011, they sold 3068.86cft of timber to the sawmill owners in Haa and earned a total sum of Nu.361, 731.43. The 33 households of the village earned a net profit of Nu.116, 796.92(Namgyal, Jan 11 2012). National Environmental Protection of Bhutan was launched in 2007 as environment has always been at the center of development concept in Bhutan. As we all know that environmental protection is one of the key pillars of Gross National Happiness. Poaching and hunting was prohibited and now people have minimized poaching and hunting. The forest official should submit their annual report to the department of forest. Illegal cutting of trees is prohibited and therefore charged higher than government penalties. Comparison of environment between India and Bhutan. The total population of Bhutan was 725940.00 in 2010 and 2011(The world bank) where as in India it was estimated 1.21 billion in April 1st, 2011.Due to more population in India the number of vehicles are increasing which lead to more pollution such as air, noise and water pollution and there are more waste compared to Bhutan. In India people are cutting down too many trees in order to establish an industries and factories which lead to deforestation and pollution. As a result they have no fresh water to drink and fresh air to breath. In Bhutan people are more into conservation and protection of the forest. Almost 69.1% of Bhutan is covered with forest (U.N.FAO) where as in India forest coverage is very less. CONCLUSION Today, with increased in modern facilities has highly degraded the pristine environment. Sea levels have risen, temperature is increasing and we do not get fresh water to drink. Air around are not safe to breath and there are so many issues that has made our mother earth irresistible. Global warming is the biggest concern. We are destroying homes for the animals. It is seen and heard that our mother is very dirty. We cannot be so harsh on our mother earth. We are being so unkind and doing nothing for our future generation. Nothing is impossible Yes we can do it. We can protect and preserve our environment. It is time that we join our hands and combats all the environmental issues such as deforestation, forest fire, global warming, waste management, pollution, over grazing, poaching, etc.

An Introduction to the CYC Knowledge Base Essay -- CYC Project Technol

An Introduction to the CYC Knowledge Base I. Abstract This paper is intended to be an introductory tutorial on the Very Large Knowledge Base (VLKB) called CYC. Described herein is the reasoning for the origination of the CYC project, the intended usefulness of the project (application areas), how CYC is being constructed, and a brief introduction to the supporting tools that have been developed to interact with the CYC knowledge base. II. Introduction Many Knowledge Bases (KB) have been developed to help people solve problems in very specific applications. These are relatively simple to build since the knowledge required by the specific system needs to be only those facts required to solve the problem in that particular application. An example of this type of KB would be one that contains only the information needed to diagnose particular fungal and bacterial infections. The KB would need to know about the different attributes of the microscopic organisms and their affects on the host but would not need to know that the grass is green or that the earth revolves around the sun. The CYC common sense Knowledge Base takes the opposite approach. CYC is being created to hold information that most people would consider to be common sense knowledge. The idea is to create a KB that would supply the basic knowledge needed to be applicable to many different applications. By building a KB with this general knowledge, it is hoped that the KB will be able to learn (create new inferences) by itself and be able to tell when it does not have enough information in a particular domain to resolve a problem. The CYC project was started by Doug Lenat at MCC (Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation, now Cycorp, Inc.) in Aust... ...nology", Cycorp, Inc, http://www.cyc.com Ginsberg, Matthew L., Essentials of Artificial Intelligence. Morgan Kaufmann, 1993. ISBN 1-55860-221-6 Lenat, D.B., Guha, R.V., "Ideas for Applying CYC", Cycorp, Inc, http://www.cyc.com/tech-reports/act-cyc-407-91/act-cyc-407-91.html Mayfield, James; Finin, Tim; Narayanaswamy, Rajkumar; Shah, Chetan; MacCartney, William; Goolsbey, Keith, "The Cycic Friends Network: getting Cyc agents to reason together", University Of Maryland - Baltimore County, http://www.cs.umbc.edu/~cikm/iia/submitted/viewing/mayfield Pratt, Vaughan, "CYC Report", Stanford University, April 16, 1994, http://www.cs.umbc.edu/~narayan/proj/cyc-critic.html Rajkumar & Shah, "A Study to assess the usefulness of CYC in a mediated architecture", University Of Maryland - Baltimore County, CYC KQML Project, http://www.cs.umbc.edu/~narayan/proj/doc.html

Importance of The Beast in Lord of The Flies by William Golding Essay

Importance of The Beast in Lord of The Flies by William Golding All the way throughout the book, of ‘Lord of the Flies’ there is one main, big theme; the beast. It was first introduced by a small boy who was described as ‘a shrimp of a boy, about six years old, and on one side of his face was blotted out by a mulberry-coloured birthmark.’ The boy with the mulberry-coloured birthmark said that it was ‘a snake-thing, ever so big.’ By describing the beast as a ‘snake-thing’ makes it sound like as if it is something quite abnormal, because he’s not so sure about it being a snake. This keeps the beast more of a mystery, and starts making the beast as the unknown. The beast being a snake is quite significant because it’s not a huge animal that you can keep a look out for, it’s small and you won’t even know when it’s near you, and can do you as much harm as a lion or tiger would. Ralph when he first hears about the beast laughs it off, and doesn’t think about it seriously. He also convinces the other big boys that it was the small boy’s imagination. ‘Laughing, Ralph looked for confirmation round the ring of faces. The older boys agreed;’ page 35. Every single time someone tries to show Ralph that the people were starting to get scared, and that as the days went on, more and more people became aware of the ‘beast’, he always throws the idea away to show that if he isn’t scared then why should anyone else be; and covers it up by saying that they need to get rescued. ‘ â€Å"The best thing we can do is get our selves rescued.† ’ page 54. So even if Ralph is scared of the beast, his speech leads the readers and the characters of the book to think that he is brave, and doesn’t want to think about the beast becaus... ...ther boys. ‘Simon was crying out something about a dead man†¦The beast struggled†¦There were no words and no movements but the tearing of teeth and claws.’ page 168 – 169. This is quite important because the only person who knew about the beast had now just been killed by the beast within the other boys. One of the main themes throughout the book is shown as part of the boys. Although at the beginning the beast had no importance in the novel, near the end it was the only theme to concentrate on as everyone could only think about torture, hunt and kill. Before Simon had died, there was some kind civilisation around, and people weren’t that much afraid of the beast, as they knew they had someone saying that there was no beast. But after the beast inside themselves kill Simon, everything becomes wild and savage, and there is more of the fear of the unknown. Importance of The Beast in Lord of The Flies by William Golding Essay Importance of The Beast in Lord of The Flies by William Golding All the way throughout the book, of ‘Lord of the Flies’ there is one main, big theme; the beast. It was first introduced by a small boy who was described as ‘a shrimp of a boy, about six years old, and on one side of his face was blotted out by a mulberry-coloured birthmark.’ The boy with the mulberry-coloured birthmark said that it was ‘a snake-thing, ever so big.’ By describing the beast as a ‘snake-thing’ makes it sound like as if it is something quite abnormal, because he’s not so sure about it being a snake. This keeps the beast more of a mystery, and starts making the beast as the unknown. The beast being a snake is quite significant because it’s not a huge animal that you can keep a look out for, it’s small and you won’t even know when it’s near you, and can do you as much harm as a lion or tiger would. Ralph when he first hears about the beast laughs it off, and doesn’t think about it seriously. He also convinces the other big boys that it was the small boy’s imagination. ‘Laughing, Ralph looked for confirmation round the ring of faces. The older boys agreed;’ page 35. Every single time someone tries to show Ralph that the people were starting to get scared, and that as the days went on, more and more people became aware of the ‘beast’, he always throws the idea away to show that if he isn’t scared then why should anyone else be; and covers it up by saying that they need to get rescued. ‘ â€Å"The best thing we can do is get our selves rescued.† ’ page 54. So even if Ralph is scared of the beast, his speech leads the readers and the characters of the book to think that he is brave, and doesn’t want to think about the beast becaus... ...ther boys. ‘Simon was crying out something about a dead man†¦The beast struggled†¦There were no words and no movements but the tearing of teeth and claws.’ page 168 – 169. This is quite important because the only person who knew about the beast had now just been killed by the beast within the other boys. One of the main themes throughout the book is shown as part of the boys. Although at the beginning the beast had no importance in the novel, near the end it was the only theme to concentrate on as everyone could only think about torture, hunt and kill. Before Simon had died, there was some kind civilisation around, and people weren’t that much afraid of the beast, as they knew they had someone saying that there was no beast. But after the beast inside themselves kill Simon, everything becomes wild and savage, and there is more of the fear of the unknown.

Stella and Ruth: Similar Women from Different Lifestyles :: Comparative, Williams, Hansberry

Although A Streetcar Named Desire, by Tennessee Williams, and A Raisin in the Sun, by Lorraine Hansberry, appear to be very different plays, there are some great similarities. Ruth, from A Raisin in the Sun, lives with her immediate family and her sister and mother-in-law in the Southside of Chicago. However, Stella, A Streetcar Named Desire, has left her family behind and moved to New Orleans. Although these two women come from very different backgrounds and are characters in very different plays, they have surprising similarities. Therefore, Ruth and Stella have similarities and differences in their overall lifestyles. Stella and Ruth share similar present living conditions but differ in their childhood lifestyles. Both women are presently living in poorer areas in small apartments. This is shown when Williams describes Stella’s living situation as in â€Å"the poor section [of the city]†¦houses weathered gray with rickety stairs† (Williams 1) and also when Stella explains to her visiting sister Blanche, in an embarrassed tone, that there were only two rooms- â€Å"this one†¦and the other one† (Williams 1). And in Ruth’s case, Hansberry describes how the apartment appeared to have been home to â€Å"too many people for too long† (Hansberry 1.1). Throughout the first act, there are many descriptions made by Hansberry about the cramped situation of the apartment including a shortage of bedrooms and bathrooms (Hansberry 1.1). Although Ruth had always experienced living in these kinds of conditions (Hansberry 1.1), Stella had not. This is shown when Eunice , the woman who owns the other apartment in the complex, is discussing Stella’s childhood home with Blanche (Williams 1). The home was actually a plantation called â€Å"Belle Reve† and described as a â€Å"great big place with white columns† (Williams 1). Through this conversation, the reader can see that Stella now lives a very different lifestyle compared to her childhood. Therefore, although both Ruth and Stella live in similar conditions now, there are obvious differences in their upbringings. A second major similarity between the two women is their personality of being non-confrontational. Both women, in a sense, let others â€Å"walk over them†. Ruth is dominated by her husband, Walter, for the most part and Stella by her husband, Stanley, and sister Blanche. When situations are tense, both characters try to avoid the confrontational subject or shy away when it is brought up. For example, when Walter adamantly keeps trying to force Ruth into supporting his business ideals at breakfast-which she doesn’t agree with-she tries to change the subject by repeatedly telling Walter to eat his eggs (Hansberry 1.

Art of Living Essay

I remember when I was young, I’ve been wondering why people are living? Why we exist? Why do all these stuffs are here on earth? There are lots of questions filled up my mind yet I found no answer. I can’t think enough for these, I need answers; I have to know what is really the reason of one’s existence. I am very much sure that in millions or billions of people who are living, it’s not only me who became curious on this matter. Many of us are wondering but only few have really the intention to know. Knowledge on self exists; but sincere seekers are rare. We people are used to the concept of ‘routine’ that we do daily activities systematically and so we better not bother ourselves asking and just do what we have to do. But in the end of the day, you’ll still ask who am I? We all know that life is subjected to four laws: birth, disease, old age and death but letting go, and paying attention to what is always present naturally allows this divine life to overtake your existence. Existence of something does not only ends with the point that it exists but to what purpose and position it stands for. We people came from the Superior Soul, our God who has given us the life. We have a superior therefore we are the inferior. We are dominated and controlled as our position here. And our natural function is to render loving service to God as we serve in this world. Somebody told me there are two kinds of world: the material world which is made up of matter and subjected to perish, a world where nothing is permanent; and secondly the spiritual world or the â€Å"Kingdom of God† where there’s no night or day and full of bliss. Now, we are already living in the first kind of world, the question is how can we be in the second world? And that’s simply by being conscious or aware, the things being portrayed by Sat-Chit-Ananda and doing our real purpose which is to follow him and his instructions. Being a Christian we are told of two major instructions. The first and foremost is â€Å"Love God with all your heart, mind and entire being† and the next is â€Å"Love your neighbors even your enemies† Loving your enemies is something near impossible but not doing it is what we call ‘false Christianity’. For us to follow Him and do His instructions there must be selflessness or God-consciousness within us, and  one of the best things that shows selflessness is something portrayed in art works. Some would say, art is a way of expressing oneself but it’s not mostly like that. We would be selfish not selfless if we will make an art just to express our views, yet an artwork would be something great if it would be a catalyst of peace and other environmental issues. An artwork is beautiful because of its purpose that must connive with the natural function of the artist as a man-to serve God. We don’t just live here, we exist for a purpose and that is the art of living.

Penn Foster Exam 028004 Essay

Paragraph 1 I understand that you are currently seeking to hire a receptionist at your ACT-1, Los Angeles location and I am highly interested. I know that the person for this position is responsible for receiving and greeting any visitors/clients, answering phone calls, taking and delivering messages and sorting and handing out mail. I am more than capable of doing all of that. Ever since I was a child, I was recognized for the effort I put into every piece of work. Growing up, I knew that I wanted to end up in a place where my hard work is appreciated. While researching your company, I instantly knew this was the place for me. I am confident, hard working and reliable. I am positive that I meet all requirements and I know, I could make a valuable contribution to your company. Paragraph 2 My boss, Mrs. George, has a position available for an assistant here at ANS Inc. and I believe this would be an excellent job opportunity for you. You are everything that Mrs. George is looking for in an assistant.You’re excellent at multi-tasking, an independent worker, extremely organized and not to forget, your great written and verbal communication skills. You won’t have to work weekends, this is a well paid position.You will no longer have to work double or have to worry about making ends meet. I really think you should apply for this position. I understand that you don’t have this type of experience but it give it some thought, cousin. The ad for this position will be put up soon on the company web site. If you are interested, give me a call so I can put in a good word for you.

The secret of great teachers

Long ago, famous teachers did not go to monthly seminars before they can teach. They did not prepare lesson plans every night or prepare visual aids and powerpoint presentations and sophisticated audiovisual materials to accompany their talk. Yet they were regarded as great and influential teachers of our time. Why, you want to ask. Were they simply lucky to be good at public speaking? I’m talking about how Confucius teach, just one of the many teachers who made their names in our history not just for their teachings but for the way they reach to their audiences. All of these teachers used instructional method so that their followers can better understand and thus follow their teachings. Confucius, in particular, used presentation (or lecture) and demonstration when he teaches. Even today, these modes of instructions are still used. Confucius believes that for his disciples and followers to understand and adopt his teachings, he must live them and be an example. Demonstration is teaching by example, and this was what Confucius did. He also gave lectures, as this was the commonly used instructional method even before. Lectures serve well in sharing information to the audience, relaying history, theories and backgrounds and experiences. A lecture reaches a large number of people at one time. Although lectures are usually a one-way mode of communication, Confucius allows his followers to ask him questions. Through this answer-and-question portion, which Jesus also used when teaching, the followers can gain more insight and feedback from the teacher. Moreover, Confucius believes that through discussion he can reach to every individual he teaches. Aside from this, he knows that each person calls for different instructional approach to learn. Due to this, he used the educational approach in leading his followers towards the good life. Confucius, Jesus and Socrates, just to name a few, saw the importance of these methods for many reasons. Socrates believed in involving his students in a dialogue to argue a point. Jesus engaged his followers in question-and-answer sessions to give and share information. They used demonstration and presentation because they are very effective, evidenced by the many people who accepted their beliefs. These people further grasped their teachings by establishing churches and religions and keeping beliefs to honor their teachers. Just the number of their followers is enough evidence to show that they have maximized the potential of the instructional method they used. As for me, I think demonstration and presentation are very effective, whether in a classroom or domestic setting. Parents lecture their children about many things so that they learn, and they live as examples to their children by living what they preach. Even at school, these methods prove useful because students learn by what they see from their teachers. A survey of the most effective methods for instruction to address academic differences was conducted among teachers. The majority thinks that small group/cooperative learning is the most effective method. Modeling (demonstration) is ranked second, and question and answer, group discussion, individual instruction and lecture are ranked third. The teachers cited reasons why they think the methods are effective. First, learners have the chance to help and learn from each other throughout. This method refers to group discussions, experiments or projects. Then, teachers provide support and provide learning in different and multiple ways. They have the opportunity to share important ideas, give feedback and remediation, and help students to be on track by reinforcing structure and organization. REFERENCE Treat, Alena R., Ying Wang, Rajat Chadha and Michael Hart Dixon. (2006). Major Development in Instructional Technology: Prior to the 20th Century.

Impact of American Media on Caribbean Culture

Stewart-Andre Wilkinson 409001306 Impact of American media on Caribbean media culture and music Rap, Hip Hop, Pop, Fashion; all these are areas in which the culture of North America has influenced the culture in the Caribbean. To be able to determine the full extent to which American culture affects the Caribbean, we must first define what Caribbean culture is. In its broadest definition it is the actions and way of life practiced by the people who live amongst the islands of the Caribbean Sea that stretch from the Bahamas in the north to Guyana in the south. Caribbean culture as the result of the violent mixture of indigenous people from Quisqueya, Xaymaca, Borinquen and Cuba, European immigrants who invaded these territories and African slaves brought to work in the gold mines, sugar plantations and sugar mills† (Wilson 1998). The culture of the Caribbean has been developing over centuries and due to its dynamic nature it changes with the presence of external pressures. The l argest external force affecting Caribbean culture is in the form of North America; the main instrument used to cause this influence is the media.Although America’s impact is diverse, one of the major impacts it has is on the media culture and music in the Caribbean. This article will discuss how American media has affected the local media in Caribbean territories and the music industry in the region in three main ways: 1. The change in popular music in the Caribbean; 2. Treatment of local celebrities versus foreign celebrities. 3. Impact on Carnivals and television. The first major impact that American media has had on the region is on the perception of popular music.In the past reggae and calypso were the music genres of choice and the many songs produced could be heard regularly on the radios. Reggae originated in Jamaica but has found its way throughout the region so that the popular songs were sung by everyone. Calypso music which came out of Trinidad was heard throughout the region; popular artist such as The Mighty Sparrow were well known throughout the Caribbean. This is not to suggest that there was no music which came from America, because they were several popular groups and songs which originated from the United States, such as The Platters, The Drifters and The Temptations.What is noteworthy is that these songs were still popular but they would never be heard more than the local or regional music. This ratio is much different than what is heard today. â€Å"Hip hop and Top 40 tunes stream from radios as much, if not more than Soca, calypso and reggae. † (Cummings-Yeates, 2000). This can be clearly seen in the amount of airtime that the respective genres are played on the radio. Calypso is only heard in high quantities around the time of Crop Over in Barbados; reggae is heard in small amounts as is the genre of dub.In contrast to these is the fixation on American music such as Pop which is at the moment the most popular genre of music. Turn on the radio at any given time to the most popular on radio stations and you are probably going to hear music originating from the United States. There is a notion that since it comes from America the standard must be of the highest quality. Within the songs of local artists, this notion of America being the standard can be seen; their voices as well as the melody of the songs follow the pattern which is set by the United States, there is hardly any resemblance of the local customs or traits.The second impact that is observed is how local celebrities are treated in contrast to international celebrities. There is an old saying, â€Å"A king is never welcomed in his own kingdom†; this has proven true for local celebrities within the region, especially in Barbados. Local singers and actors are viewed as amateurs; this is also related to the notion of American music and film being the benchmark. â€Å"Young people idolize celebrities from ‘foreign’ more than t heir own, homegrown role models† (Cummings-Yeates, 2000).This idolizing can have a grave impact on the youth of the region. Multiple studies in Trinidad found that â€Å"The more hours Trinidadian female adolescents spent watching American sitcoms, the less satisfied they are with their body image†¦(and) also resulted in the increase in the adolescents? awareness and internalization of the American norms and expectations for thinness, as well as the pressures to adopt those norms and expectations† (Ferguson, 2011). This behavior is not shown towards local celebrities; they are seen as being no better than the other locals.On the contrary the foreign celebrities are idolized and imitated. Thirdly, the impact that America has on the various cultured festivals or carnivals is uncanny. This impact can be directly related to the importance of tourism in the region. The respective festivals within the region usually had some cultural or traditional significance to it. In Barbados for example, the festival of Crop Over had with it the Queen and King of the Harvest, these were main attractions of the festival; there were other traditional practices which had its roots in colonial days.With the switch to tourism as main source of foreign exchange for the country, the festival had to become more marketable for tourists. As a result the traditional features of the festival were no longer the focal point but rather the women and dancing of Kadooment. An example of this is the sidelining of calypso with it social commentary in favor of the more catchy Soca. Advertising on American are somewhat to blame for this because they don’t advertise the cultural side of the festival but only the sexual aspect which appeals to prospective tourists.On one hand there is the changing of the traditional festival but on the other hand there is also the introduction of new festivals from the United States which is bigger than the traditional festival. These include the materially-driven festival, Christmas as well as Easter, Father’s and Mother’s day. They are celebrated in the same fashion and characterized by the same extent of commercialism as in developed societies. It is the commercial aspect of the celebrations that marks the degree of Western influence.Finally another impact seen is through the domination of television which originates in America. Caribbean residents have become exposed to this culture difference through â€Å"the pervasive commoditization and consumption of the United States way of life via cable television and other instruments† (Baptiste, 1988). As stated by Baptiste the television has been one of the major instruments used; various shows and programs from the United States are shown. This can be contrasted to the lack of local programs that are aired. In conclusion then the impact that America has had on Caribbean media is immense.It is clear that through the popularity of the music that we lis ten to as well as how we treat our local celebrities in comparison to how we idolize the foreign celebrities that this is the case. The changes in the various Carnivals that are celebrated around the region give another testament to this. There was a change in the traditional Carnival to make it more marketable to the tourists as well as the influx of festivals from outside of the region which have become larger than traditional festivals. The change in the media coverage has also been a major impact on the region. References 1.Wilson, Carlos Guillermo. 1998. â€Å" Uprooted†. pp 43 2. Cummings- Yeates, Rosalind. 2000. Foreign invasion: American media images reshaping Caribbean culture. BlackVoices. com 3. Feguson, Clarabelle. 2011. The Relationship Between American Media Exposure and Trinidadian Female Adolescents’ Body Image Satisfaction. 4. Baptiste, Fitzroy A. 1988. â€Å"The Exploitation of Caribbean Bauxite and Petroleum, 1914-1945. † Social and Economic S tudies 37, nos. 1-2:107-42. 5. Baptiste, Fitzroy A. 1988. War, Cooperation and Conflict: The European Possessions in the Caribbean, 1939-1945. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press

Southwest Washington Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Southwest Washington - Essay Example It is true; the dams are hydroelectric and are possessed and managed by the US Army Corps of Engineers. These four major dams are of great importance in the area since they produce 3033 Megawatts power energy (Whitesell, 2004). More so, they provide navigation, recreation and aquatic conservation. Rivers include The Snake River which flows through the Snake River valley. It is the largest tributary of Columbia River which empties into the Pacific Ocean runs from known for salmon and other aquatic animals. This river is well known for salmon and other aquatic animals. The natives relied on fish, especially salmon, for food and source of income The southeastern Washington has fertile farmland where wheat is grown. The region also has strong, reliable winds suitable for wind energy. The wind power development has boosted the economic potential in the region; there is a tremendous increase in employment opportunities and other social, economic activities. However, the rate of crime has risen in the region. The effects of pollution are also felt in the ecosystem, that is to say there is a decrease in farm produce the number of salmon has also decreased. I agree that this region is a place to be because of its beautiful physical features and lucrative economic development. Energetic (2009, October 4). Lower Monumental Lock and Dam ~ Hydroelectric Energy.  Lower Monumental Lock and Dam ~ Hydroelectric Energy. Retrieved May 23, 2014,

Dust storm in China Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Dust storm in China - Research Paper Example He, indeed, has showed an aversion to industrially produced because of the biological, chemical and industrial pathogens which can cause serious diseases and grave illness. Therefore, he prefers personally foraged food produced in natural setting. But in this industrial age, since industrially produced foods are much cheaper than the foods produced in a natural setting, modern people are in a dilemma whether they should eat those organic/ personally foraged foods which are â€Å"floating on a sinking sea of petroleum† or not. But the question which arises here is: Is Michael Pollan aware of the fact that the nature itself has been polluted with the man-made chemical and biological industry? Natural disasters like dust storm in China have showed ample evidences in support of this claim that nature itself has been severely polluted by chemical and biological pollutants. Therefore, Pollan’s hope to get pollution free food from nature is also diminishing day by day. The Ind ustrial and Chemical Pollutants in the Dust Storm in China Dust storm in China is considered as a natural and meteorological event which occurs normally in the arid and semi-arid areas of the world. It is caused by a gust of wind which blows dust particles, sands and dirt from the dry plains. Dust storm ferries these particles with a geographical process of transportation, called â€Å"saltation and suspension† which involves moving the dust particles from one place to another through the air. It may occur in any part of the world where there are vast dry plains containing loose dust particles on the surface. It also occurs in China. Referring to the occurrence of dust storm in China, Gou and Xie comments, â€Å"North-west China lies in the inner part of the Asia-Europe continent, the climate is dry and there are many winds and desert storms† (1619). But this dust storm in China is far more different from those in other parts of the world in terms of its threat to heal th. Researches show that the dust storms in China are more threatening to human health because of the industrial chemical pollutants they ferry, as referring to the threats posed by the Dust storm, Chiu and his co-authors note, â€Å"However, statistically significant associations were found between ADS events and hospital admissions for primary intra-cerebral hemorrhagic stroke† (778). Because of the recent rapid industrial growth, China is releasing more industrial pollutants to its environment than ever. Though natural particles such as sand, earth particles, etc are less harmful to human health, the industrial pollutants such as sulfuric components, industrial ashes, vehicular lead, carbon monoxide, mercury, Zinc, chromium, cadmium, arsenic, copper, etc are seriously injurious to health. In this regard, they say, â€Å"Many epidemiologic studies have provided evidence of an association between airborne particles and daily mortality†¦Fine particles typically contain a mixture of soot, acid condensates, and sulfate and nitrate particles. They are derived chiefly from combustion of fossil fuels† (Yang et al, 817). Scientists assert that naturally these components remain in composite forms which are not so much a threat to health. But due to the industrial growth of China, these carcinogenic materials are exhumed from the earth and used

Comparison of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, and William Essay

Comparison of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, and William James theoretical positions - Essay Example The paper tells that Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, and William James are historical psychologists whose work formed the foundation of psychology. Their theorems and practice in the field has had a great effect to this day. Most of the practicing psychologists in the present times borrow a lot from their work. However, this does not mean that their success in the field did not face challenges. The greatest of all the challenges for each one of them came from fellow psychologist. In efforts to outdo each other in their approach on psychological issues, similarities as well as differences developed that one cannot ignore. The four being the pioneers of psychology were passionate on getting better perceptive in the field. Their approaches aimed at getting facts that could better explain the psychological sphere of the human beings. This search for a better explanation led to common agreements on concepts like mental processes. They all believed that there was a conscious and a subconscious part of the human mind. These two spheres formed the basis for mental processes and Freud and Jung had similar views on dreams as a function of the unconscious mind. Jung in his theorem on individuation argued that human beings needed to incorporate both the conscious and unconscious mind to get the meanings to the dreams. Jung, Alder, and Freud agreed on the power of motive in human behavior. Childhood experience took the centre stage in the reason behind the motive. Cultural orientation, inferiority, and sexuality are all concepts that one gets from childhood. Since community and religious values influence a bigger part in them, the assimilation process into the child’s life is crucial because it affects relationships and psychological functioning of the individual (Meissner, 1987). Though the four could have differed in their theoretical positions of religion and the influence it has on human behavior, they all agreed that it plays a role in human psychology ( Dumont, 2010). Their theorems emphasized on religious interpretation of situations, and understanding of the world at large (Stone, 2011). Right from childhood, a child’s religion affects the way the child perceives different situations all the way to adulthood (Meissner, 1987). Contrast on Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, and William James theoretical positions Just as the four psychologists are distinct, their theoretical positions equally had distinctions. They all had distinct approaches on the applicability of the concepts they all agreed were true. An example is in believing on mental processes that lead to human behavior. Human behavior as per Freud’s view required insight into thoughts and feelings for action to take place (Stone, 2011). Though Jung and Freud agreed on the unconscious part of dreams, their approaches on interpretation differed. Jung believed that religious nature formed the basis for interpretation hence dividing the unconscious into ind ividual and collective (Stone, 2011). For him, personal experience and concerns as well as collective religious believe influenced the interpretation (Dumont, 2010). However, this was different with Freud since to him mental processes and behavior took the centre of the dreams. James on the other hand came up with a completely different approach. To him, mental processes were a matter of evolutionary process meaning it is a function of constant changes (Stone, 2011). In his theoretical position on mental processes was more natural selection rather than emotions. Jung, Alder, and Freud agreed on the power of motive. While Freud believed that sexuality influenced motive, Jung and Adler had a different position. Jung considered culture,