Night World : Spellbinder Chapter 17

They walked out to Eric's jeep. The night air was very cold and there was no moon. Thea kept her hand on Eric's back, ready to press if he hesitated. But he never did. At the door of the jeep, Thea looked at Blaise. She was afraid to show any expression. Could Aradia see them? She wanted desperately to give Blaise a last hug. Aradia said, â€Å"Is there a window from the shop onto this street?† Thea looked at Blaise. Blaise said, â€Å"No.† â€Å"Then you can say good-bye. After this you're going to have to pretend not to know each other.† Thea stared at her, then felt a wild choked giggle well up. â€Å"Now I know why you're Maiden,† she said, in a bare whisper. â€Å"But-does anyone else realize?† â€Å"l don't think so. Some may wonder, but I think they'll keep their mouths shut. Say good-bye quick.† Thea hugged Blaise, couldn't make herself let go. â€Å"Thank you. Oh, Eileithyia, Blaise, I'll miss you.† â€Å"Now I'm the last of the Harman line,† Blaise said in a bad imitation of a smirking voice. â€Å"I'll have a bedroom to myself,† she added in more believable tones. â€Å"And I'm going to get Sheena good.† â€Å"Who?† â€Å"That's right, you didn't hear. She was the one who turned us in. She's one of Tobias's little girlfriends, Circle Midnight. It seems he's been spying on us. He told her enough that she understood we were doing forbidden spells, and she told Gran.† â€Å"It doesn't matter now.† â€Å"Are you kidding? I'm getting sent to the Convent. I'm going to kill her.† The bells rang as Blaise tossed her head. Then she tightened her grip on Thea. â€Å"I don't know why you want to be with a human,† she whispered. â€Å"But I hope you keep on wanting it now that you have it.† â€Å"Blaise, when you get back-please don't hurt them anymore. They're people. Really.† Blaise sighed noncommittally; Thea could feel it. But all she said, almost too softly for Thea to hear, was, â€Å"I'll miss you-sister.† Then Thea could let go. When she was in the jeep, Aradia leaned into the open door. â€Å"Two things,† she said rapidly. â€Å"And they're all the help I can give you. Mother Cybele mentioned Circle Daybreak. I've heard rumors that there axe witches somewhere who are starting it up again. Witches who want to forget the Burning Times, and who don't hold to Night World law. I don't know if it's true. But if it is, maybe you can find it.† Thea's breath was taken away. The possibility leaped inside her like some unimagined joy. â€Å"And the other thing,† Aradia said, with a rare smile-almost a brief grin. â€Å"Word is that some of your Redfern cousins have started going peculiar. I've even heard that they're talking about finding human soulmates, just like you. You might try and contact them and see what the story is.† Thea's breath came back, and with it, tears. â€Å"Oh, Aradia. Thank you.† â€Å"Good luck, Thea. And Eric. Both of you, wherever you go.† Eric, who had been sitting quietly behind the wheel, reached out to touch her hand lightly. â€Å"And you, too.† Thea could tell by his voice that he was puzzled and dazed, but he was trying not to show it. Then they drove away. Thea turned around to watch Blaise getting smaller and smaller. A little wind blew Blaise's hair, and she looked like a dark and mysterious Aphrodite, a goddess who always did what you least expected. Eric drove fast until they were a good distance from the shop, then pulled to the curb on a tiny residential street. He looked at Thea and said cautiously, â€Å"Am I immune to this stuff? Because I'm not forgetting anything. Or is it going to kick in any minute now?† Thea kissed him. Then she began to laugh hysterically. â€Å"No. No.† â€Å"You mean we're really safe? You're going to keep your powers?† â€Å"Yes! Yes!† She had to keep telling him over and over to convince him. But finally he got it and his face changed. Was transformed by his lightning-bolt smile. He squeezed her and shook her and finally jumped out of the jeep and yelled â€Å"All right! Way to go, Blaise! All right! Yes!† â€Å"Eric!† He pounded the jeep. â€Å"Eric, get back in, you idiot! There might be Night People around.† Then, still laughing uncontrollably with love and gratitude and the relief of tension, she said, â€Å"Come in here.† And she held out her arms. He jumped back in. They fit together perfectly, his arms around her, his breath against her hair. â€Å"I'm so happy,† he said. â€Å"I love you, witch.† Thea was laughing and crying at once. â€Å"I love you, too.† He kissed her temple. She kissed his cheek. Then he kissed her mouth and stayed there for a long while. And Thea forgot about laughing, forgot that there was a world outside the two of them. And then they sat together in the darkness, resting against each other, just breathing. Safe. Connected. Thea was with someone who knew her, who saw what she saw. Her soulmate. And they were free to be with each other, without being hunted, without fear. She was filled with joy and tranquility. And with quiet sadness, too. It wasn't as if this new beginning came free. She still was an exile, cut off from her family. Gran was lost to her. If she saw Blaise, it would have to be in secret. She'd given up a lot. Almost everything. But she didn't regret it. Not with Eric warm and solid in her arms. Not with the Night World saved from civil war, and the threat to the humans here over. And what now? she wondered. Strangely, even though there was no clear answer, she didn't feel afraid. She could visualize many futures, and they all seemed equally likely. Now they would go to Eric's house, and Eric's mother would be puzzled but generous, and Roz would be ferocious but delighted. And next week Thea would go back to school and transfer into honors zoology. She would get a scholarship to Davis and become a vet and use her powers to find out what was wrong with sick animals. Or she would find herself interested in wolves or elephants and would become a naturalist and visit faraway places to study them. Or she and Eric would adopt a puppy like Bud and write a book together to help people understand their dogs. Or she would find Circle Daybreak and meet witches who wanted to forget the Burning Times. And they would be the first to reintroduce humans to magic, and Rosamund would grow up fierce and proud, knowing all the legends of Hellewise. Or she would find her vampire cousins and see if the soulmate principle was really coming back. And their group would be like a magnet, attracting other young Night People with radical ideas, starting an underground revolution. Maybe a new generation of Redferns and Harmans were forming alliances with humans. Maybe it was time for hatred to stop. Maybe the old powers were waking and new times were coming. Maybe the world was about to change. Only one thing was sure. There were infinite possibilities. She held Eric and felt his breathing and was at peace with the night. [The End]

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The prevalent problems range from phishing, scamming, cyber-bullying to network services disruption (such as DoS, or denial of service), information or identity theft and information sabotage. Cyber or Internet crimes have resulted in diminishing or halting productivity. They have also caused victims to suffer physical, mental, emotional and financial loss. To counter ominous risks, various software and hardware products have been manufactured to prevent and combat unauthorized access to the network systems. Implementing the necessary security measures can eliminate or decrease the ongoing vulnerability to cyber violations. In addition to having a stable security infrastructure, it is crucial to raise awareness of any threats among users and to remind them of their responsibilities toward maintaining security or how to work against malicious activities (e.g., secure password, keeping software and the OS current, safeguarding sensitive information, etc.) FIREWALL: A firewall is a hardware or a software (or a combination of both) that sits between a LAN and the Internet. Acting as a barrier between a trusted and an untrusted network, its main function is to filter traffic in a networked environment by blocking unauthorized or harmful activities and permitting authorized communications. By monitoring the incoming and outgoing network traffic, a firewall is fundamentally the first line of peripheral defense against any intrusions.   (Bradley.) A firewall not only enhances the security of a host or a network but also protects and shields the applications, services, and machines that are attached to the network system. By checking data packets, it allows nonthreats to pass through. Conversely, it either drops, erases, denies or returns threats to the sender. (Sherman.) Types of firewalls: Packet filters: Packet filtering is the process of allowing or preventing packets at a network interface by checking destination port number source and destination addresses, and/or protocols. In a software firewall, a packet filter program examines the header of each packet based on a specific set of rules and is either passed (called ACCEPT) or prevented (called DROP). (TechTarget.com.) Stateful inspection This firewall technology (also referred to known as dynamic packet filtering, monitors the state of active connections. Based on this information and by analyzing packets down to the application layer, it determines which network packets to permit passage through the firewall. It monitors and tracks communications packets over a length of time. (TechTarget.com.) Proxys: Proxy firewalls, in combination with stateful inspection firewall perform deep application inspections (e.g., layer 7 protocols such as HTTP, FTP). Unlike stateful firewalls which cannot inspect application layer traffic, proxys can prevent an HTTP-based attack. This process is achieved by making the firewall act as a proxy, i.e., after the client opens a connection to the firewall, the firewall opens a separate connection to the server on behalf of the client (without the clients knowledge). (TechTarget.com.) Benefits of firewall: Protects against routing-based attacks Controls access to systems Ensures privacy Drawbacks of firewall: Difficult to configure Possibility of blocking nonthreats or useful services Could allow back door attack (via modem access) No antivirus protection Possible performance problems (or, cause potential bottleneck) Security tends to be concentrated in a single spot INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEMS (IDS): An IDS can also be software- or hardware-based, such as a separate computer, that monitors network activity in a single computer, or a specific network or multiple networks within a WAN. It attempts to identify and evaluate a suspected intrusion once it has occurred by signaling an alarm and trying to stop it. It is akin to a smoke detector that raises an alarm at the signs of threat. (Pfleeger and Pfleeger.) It oversees traffic by identifying patterns of activity and comparing the information to attacks that are already listed in the IDS database. For example, detected anomalies are compared with normal levels, i.e., a high level of or a spike in packet size or activity could mean a hacking attack. The technology is typically use to enforce corporate policy and are not configured to drop, delete or deny traffic. It primarily generates warning signals or alarms. (Sherman.) IDS can be network based or host based: NIDS (Network Intrusion Detection Systems), which are placed at a strategic point or points within the network, oversee inbound and outbound traffic among all devices on the network. In this system, anti-threat software is installed only at specific servers that interface between the external environment and the internal network. (TechTarget.com.) HIDS (Host Intrusion Detection Systems), which are conducted on individual hosts or devices on the network, monitor the incoming and outgoing packets from the device only and will signal an alert when suspicious activity is identified.   In this system, anti-threat applications (e.g., firewalls, antivirus and spyware-detection software) are installed on every computer connected to the network system and that has access to the Internet. (TechTarget.com.) Benefits of IDS: Enables the detection of external hackers and internal network-based attacks Can be scaled easily, providing protection for the entire network Accommodates in-depth defense Allows an additional layer of protection Drawbacks of IDS: Produces false reports (positives and negatives) Acknowledges attacks but does not prevent them Expensive to implement, requiring full-time monitoring and highly-skilled staff Requires a complex event-response process Unable to monitor traffic at higher transmission rates Produces a tremendous amount of data to be analyzed Vulnerable to low and slow attacks Cannot deal with encrypted network traffic CONCLUSION: Both firewall and IDS complement one another. While a firewall limits network access to prevent intrusions or watches out for intrusions to prevent them from occurring, it does not signal an attack from inside the network the way an IDS does. While a firewall can block traffic or connection, IDS cannot. It can only alert any intrusion attempts. It monitors attacks and evaluates intrusions that are specifically designed to be overlooked by a firewalls filtering rules. A firewall is analogous to a security guards or personnel at the gate and an IDS device is a security camera after the gate. Another analogy that can be used is that a firewall is akin to installing locks on doors to prevent intrusion; IDS is installing security systems with alarms. (TechTarget.com.) References Barbish, J. J. (n.d.). Chapter 29. Firewalls. Retrieved on March 6, 2017 from https://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/firewalls.html Bradley, T. (August 21, 2016). Introduction to Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS). Retrieved on March 6, 2017 from https://www.lifewire.com/introduction-to-intrusion-detection-systems-ids-2486799 Difference between Firewall and Intrusion Detection System. (n.d.). Retrieved on March 10, 2017 from http://www.omnisecu.com/security/infrastructure-and-email-security/difference-between-firewall-and-intrusion-detection-system.php Firewall. (n.d.). Retrieved on March 10, 2017 from http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/firewall Firewalls. (n.d.). Retrieved on March 10, 2017 from http://csc.columbusstate.edu/summers/Research/NetworkSecurity/security/firewalls.htm Gattine, K. (n.d.). Types of firewalls: An introduction to firewalls. Retrieved on March 10, 2017 from http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/tutorial/Introduction-to-firewalls-Types-of-firewalls HIDS/NIDS (host intrusion detection systems and network intrusion detection systems). (n.d.). Retrieved on March 10, 2017 from http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/HIDS-NIDS IDS/IPS Pros and Cons. (n.d.). Retrieved on March 10, 2017 from   http://flylib.com/books/en/2.352.1.16/1/ Kurose, J. F., Ross, K. W. (2013). Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach, 6th Edition. [MBS Direct]. Retrieved from https://mbsdirect.vitalsource.com/#/books/9780133464641/ Pfleeger, C.P. and Pfleeger, S.L. (March 28, 2003). Security in Networks. .). Retrieved on March 10, 2017 from http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=31339seqNum=5 Sherman, F.   (n.d.). The Differences between a Firewall and an Intrusion Detection System. Retrieved on March 10, 2017 from http://smallbusiness.chron.com/differences-between-firewall-intrusion-detection-system-62856.html Short Paper/Case Study Analysis Rubric. (n.d.). Retrieved on January 7, 2017 from https://bb.snhu.edu/webapps/blackboard/content/listContent.jsp?course_id=_107231_1content_id=_14552222_1

Treatment is More Effective Than Jail for Drug Offenders Essay

One of the most profound problems that plagues our society is drug addiction. With drug addiction comes those who offend and have run-ins with the law. Our country deals with these drug-addicted offenders by placing them in jails for a year or longer, only to have them come back out to society when their sentence is over. They are still drug-addicts and so they return to the street only to commit yet another crime. From here the cycle of crime, arrest, jail, and return to society continues, solving absolutely nothing. Therefore, placing drug-addicted offenders in jails fails to confront the major problem at hand which is that of the drug abuse. If drug-addicted offenders were placed in drug treatment centers instead of being incarcerated, the problem of drug abuse would have a much higher opportunity to be flushed from the offender's life. Thus, the chance of that the offender would commit another crime for drugs would be reduced. The felonies that were committed by these drug addicts are usually due to the fact that they want to help fill their cravings for the drug. These drug addicts will commit crimes in order to support their addiction for the present moment. ?An estimated 61,000 (16%) convicted jail inmates committed their offenses to get money for drugs? (?Drug?). This is why when they are caught for committing these felonies and arrested, throwing them in jail is completely pointless. For one, what exactly will a few months or years do to these offenders? The sentence will most certainly not cure them of their addiction. Drug users pose major crime threats by robbing and stealing to support their habits, but treatment provides a greater potential than incarceration for dealing with the underlying addiction that drives t... ... of Rehabilitation: Promises and Perils of Drug Courts.? es1/nij/181412.pdf>. Riley, Mark. ?Move to Treat, Not Punish, Drug Addicts.? . Sacbee Local News. Furillo, Andy. ?Treat, Don?t Jail, Illegal Drug Users? Group Wants Measure on Ballot.? . Seven, Richard. ?Drug Court Gvies Addicts an Alternative to Jail.? /drugcort.html>. ?Summary Assessment of the Drug Court Experience.? s/spa/justice/publications/just1.htm>. ?Treatment is More Effective, Less Expensive That Jail for Drug Offenders, Says Doctors Group.? . Wood, Daniel B. ?Kinks in California?s Shift to Drug Treatment.? Christian Science Monitor.

When a Health Professional takes Advantage of a Patient Essay -- Explo

Picture yourself in this situation: A family member, extremely mentally troubled, has been seeing a psychologist for eight years. Over the course of this long therapy, you, as an interacting observer, see this relative’s mental and physical health deteriorate at an unsteady yet often exponentially quick rate. Between times of displayed complacency and calmness, you see climactic emotional outbursts that are always, though unbelievable to you at the time, outdone and outmatched by the next. You see this person controlled by not only anger but hate—hatred toward other family members; hatred that has burned like a wild fire for decades, always growing and with little hope of extinguishing; hatred that sometimes gets so out of hand that it will often attack even those most loved. You see this family member become increasingly fragile physically: not eating well or enough; not sleeping at all, and only a little after taking sleeping pills so strong they’d knock out a horse; skin so pale and weak against a bony skeleton that at times you find yourself looking directly into the face of a ghost. You hear implied threats of suicide often enough, but not too often, so that you don’t know what to make of them, whether they are true cries for help or a whole new method or angle of verbal manipulation. You see all this over time, all while this close relative of yours has been in therapy with the same psychologist for at least three hours per week, every week, for eight years. What you don’t see is improvement. Though you can only speculate what issues and goals are being addressed in this relative’s therapy, you don’t see resolution on any one issue. You don’t see a forward progression since the first issues addressed eight years ago... ...Dept. of Consumer Affairs. Everstine, Louis, and Diane Sullivan Everstine, eds. Psychotherapy and the Law. Orlando: Grune & Stratton, 1986. Filing a Complaint with the Board of Psychology. Pamphlet. Sacramento: Dept. of Consumer Affairs. Finkel, Norman J. Therapy and Ethics: The Courtship of Law and Psychology. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1980. Gorlin, Rena A., ed. Codes of Professional Responsibility. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: The Bureau of National Affairs, Inc., 1994. Keith-Spiegel, Patricia, and Gerald P. Koocher. Ethics in Psychology: Professional Standards and Cases. New York: Random House, 1985. Perschbacher, Debbie. Personal Interview. 4 Mar. 1999. Rodolfa, Emil. Personal Interview. 3 Mar. 1999. Schutz, Benjamin M. Legal Liability in Psychotherapy: A Practitioner’s Guide to Risk Management. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Pub., 1982.

heath care system Essay -- essays research papers

In the United States today there is an epidemic in heath care costs and medical benefit coverage not covering all a patients need; leaving victims with large medical expenses. Today raising cost of heath care has effected the lower middle class tens of thousands in debt that lead them to bankruptsy; but resent laws passed by the Bush administration (undoubtedly lobbied by hospitals boards) making it nearly impossible for people in the middle class to file chapter 7 bankrupsy that starts them off with a clean start. Instead forcing them to file for chapter 13 that involves large sum of money be produced in *5 yrs with penalties ranging to imprisonment if the debtors defaults on payment. President Bush in a speech on the topic said people have to take responsibility and pay there debt. In this move he completely ignores the rapidly growing problem with the heath care system and appeases the insurance companies and the hospitals by forcing patients to extraordinarily high cost for proc edures and my belief that they have patients go through unnecessary treatments to help hospitals combat their raising costs of insurance (only back my personal experience). It is a system of capitalistic heath care and the patients are the one's losing their money to make the rich richer at the expense of quality (or at least effective) heath care to the masses.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ...

Reliabilty and Validity

Test Reliability and Validity: Evaluation of the GRADE A+ Standardized Reading Assessment Assessment is the key to instruction and intervention, but according to Salvia, Ysseldyke and Bolt (2007), â€Å"reliability is a major consideration in evaluating an assessment procedure† (p. 119). Reliability refers to the stability of a tests’ results over time and test reliability refers to the consistency of scores students would receive on alternate forms of the same test, for example Test form A and Test form B. If a test is reliable then one would expect a student to achieve the same score regardless of when the student completes the assessment, but if it’s not reliable then a students’ score may vary based on factors that are not related to the purpose of the assessment. An assessment is considered reliable when the same results occur regardless of when the assessment occurs or who does the scoring, but a good assessment is not only reliable but minimizes as many factors as possible that could lead to the misinterpretation of the tests’ results. It is important to be concerned with a tests’ reliability for two reasons: First, reliability provides a measure of the extent to which a students’ score reflects random measurement error. If there is relatively little error, the ratio of true-score variance to obtained score variance approaches a reliability index of 1. 00 (perfect reliability); if there is a relatively large amount of error, the ratio of true-score variance to obtained score variances approaches. 0 (total unreliability) (Salvia et al. , 2007, p. 121) Therefore, it is warranted to use tests with good measures of reliability to ensure that the test scores reflect more than just random error. Second, reliability is a precursor to validity, which I will go more into detail about later. Validity refers to the degree to which evidence supports the fact that the test interpretations are correct and that the manner in which these interpretations are used is appropriate and meaningful. However, a formal assessment of the validity of a specific use of a test can be a very lengthy process and that is why test reliability is often viewed as the first step in the test validation process. If a test is deemed unreliable, then one need not spend time examining whether it is valid because it will not be, but if the test deems adequately reliable, then a validation study would be worthwhile. The Group Reading Assessment and Diagnostic Evaluation (GRADE) is a normative diagnostic reading assessment that determines developmentally what skills students have mastered and where they need instruction. Chapter Four of the GRADE Technical Manual focuses on three sections: reliability, validation and validity; but I will only be evaluating the first and last sections which are reliability and validity. The first section presents reliability data for the standardization sample by test at 11 levels (P, K, 1-6, M, H and A) and 14 grade enrollment groups (Preschool- 12th) to describe the consistency and stability of GRADE scores (Williams, 2001, p. 77). In this section, Williams addresses Internal Reliability- which addresses consistency of the items in a test, Alternate Form Reliability- which are derived from the administration of two different but parallel test forms, Test-Retest Reliabilities- which tells how much a students score will change if a period of time has lapsed between test and Standard Error of Measurement- which represents a band of error around the true score. The GRADE Technical Manual reported 132 reliabilities in table 4. that presents the alpha and split half total test reliabilities for the Fall and Spring. Of these, 99 were in the range of . 95 to . 99; which indicates a high degree of homogeneity among the items for each form, level and grade enrollment group (Williams, 2001, p. 78). In the GRADE alternate form reliability study, Table 4. 14, 696 students were tested. The forms were given at different times and ranged anywhere from eight to thirty two days. The coefficients in the table ranged from . 81 to . 94 with half being higher than . 9 indicating that Forms A and B are quite parallel (Williams, 2001, p. 85). In the GRADE test- retest reliability study, Table 4. 15, 816 students were tested. All students were tested twice, the test took place during the Fall and ranged anywhere from three and a half to forty two days. Form A of the various GRADE levels appeared similar in stability over time to performance on Form B. However since most of the sampling was done with Form A, further investigation of the stability of scores with Form B may be warranted (Williams, 2001, p. 7). The standard errors of measurement listed in Table 4. 16 of the GRADE was computed from Table 4. 1, but due to the variances in total test reliability, the SEMs ranged from low to high and due to the fact the measure of error is observable, there will always be some doubt about one’s true score. Overall it will be acceptable to assume that the reliability aspect of all levels of the GRADE Technical Manu al provides a significant amount of established evidence between test forms A and B. As noted earlier, validity refers to the degree to which evidence supports the fact that the test interpretations are correct and that the manner in which these interpretations are used is appropriate and meaningful. For a test to be fair, its contents and performance expectations should reflect knowledge and experiences that are common to all students. Therefore, according to Salvia et al. (2007), â€Å"validity is the most fundamental consideration in developing and evaluating test† (p. 143). A valid assessment should reflect actual knowledge or performance, not just test taking skills or memorized equations and facts, it should not require knowledge or skills that are irrelevant to what is actually being assessed and more so, it should be as free as possible of cultural, ethnic and gender bias. The validity of an assessment is the extent to which the assessment measures what it intended or was designed to measure. The extent of a test’s validity determines (1) what inferences or decisions can be made based on test results and (2) the assurance one can have in those decisions (Williams, 2001, p. 2). Validation is the process of accumulating evidence that supports the appropriateness of student responses for the specified assessment and because tests are used for various purposes, there is no single type of evidentiary validity that is apt for all purposes. Test validation can take many forms, both qualitative and quantitative, and in an assessment case such as the GRADE, can be a continuing process (Williams, 2001, p. 92). As stated previously, I will be evaluating two sections from Chapter Four. Section one is complete so it brings me to the last section, which deals with validity. In this section, Williams addresses Content Validity- which addresses the question of whether the test items adequately represent the area that the test is supposed to measure, Criterion- Related Validity- which addresses the relationship between the scores on the test being validated and some form of criterion such as rating scale, classification, or other test score and Construct Validity- which addresses the question of whether the test actually measures the construct, or trait, it purports to measure. The content validity section of the GRADE Technical Manual addressed 16 subtests in various skill areas of pre-reading and reading and documents that adequate content validity was built into the reading test as it was developed. Therefore, if the appropriate decisions can be made, then the results are deemed valid and the test measures what it is suppose to measure. For the GRADE criterion-related studies, scores from other reading tests were used as the criteria and included both concurrent and predictive validity. For the concurrent validity study, the section compares the GRADE Total Test scores to three group administered test and an individual administered test. They were administered in concurrence with the Fall or Spring administering of the GRADE, with data being collected by numerous teachers throughout the U. S. and all correlations being corrected using Guilford’s formula. The three group administered test given in concurrence with the GRADE Total Test suggested they all measured what they were suppose to but the individual administered test showed evidence of discriminative and divergent validity. For the predictive validity study, the section compared how well the GRADE Total Test from the Fall predicted performance on the reading subtest of a group administered achievement test given in the Spring. Three groups totaling 260 students were given the GRADE in the Fall and the TerraNova in the Spring of the same school year, but the final samples were a little small because some of the students that tested in the Fall had moved so the scores were correlated and corrected for both assessments using Guilford’s formula. Instead of 260 there were now 232 and Table 4. 2 list the corrected correlations between the GRADE and TerraNova which indicates that the GRADE scores in the Fall are predictive of the TerraNova reading scores in the Spring. The construct validity of the GRADE focuses on two aspects which are convergent validity shown by higher correlations and divergent validity shown by lower correlations. In the GRADE/PIAT-R study, shown in Table 4. 21, convergent validity is demonstrated by the high correlation coefficients of the GRADE and PIAT-R reading scores and divergent validity is demonstrated by the lower correlation between the GRADE and PIAT-R general information subtest (Williams, 2001, p. 7). Performances on reading tasks is represented by the first set of correlations and for the second set of correlations the GRADE represents performance on reading and the PIAT-R represents world knowledge. Convergent/divergent information was also provided for the GRADE/ITBS study shown in Table 4. 23. Evidence of higher correlations for the GRADE convergent validity was provided with the ITBS reading subtest, but evidence of extensively lower correlations for the GRADE divergent validity was provided with the ITBS math subtest, which would be expected for divergent validity because reading was minimal. Overall the validity data provided a considerable amount of evidence to show that in fact the GRADE Technical Manual measures what it purports and apt conclusions from test can be correctly made. So according to my judgment in evaluating the GRADE Technical Manual in the areas of reliability (internal, alternate form, test-retest and SEM) and validity (content, criterion-related and construct), the content provided by the authors in the manual and cross referenced with the content provided in the text book denotes the manual is consistent, has acceptable correlation coefficients and measures what it is suppose to measure. References Salvia, J. , Ysseldyke, J. E. , & Bolt, S. (2007). Assessment In Special and Inclusive Education (10th ed. ). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. Williams, K. T. (2001). Technical Manual: Group Reading Assessment and Diagnostic Evaluation. Circle Pine: American Guidance Service, Inc.

Summary of Napoleon’s Buttons Chapter 12: Molecules of Witchcraft

Introduction Between the 14th and ordinal centuries, some(prenominal) raft died by cattinessous and horrible deaths of bu donut at the stake, hanging, or universe tortured. The estimates of sight killed ranged up to the millions which included men, women, children, and til now aristocrats as they were incriminate of witchcraft. Although, worthless and sr. women were the aces effected the nigh from multitudes of paranoia and delusions in those centuries. However, reli commensurate molecules played a theatrical role in this discrimination that ultimately led millions to their demise.Toil and stir up Witchcraft, prior to 1350, was regarded as sorcery where adept controls nature in their own involution by protecting crops or state and casting spells to influence or provide. It was original in Europe and it was only a execration if sorcery was apply to harm. senseless accusations were avoided beca determination population victims of maleficium were able to seek a ttention from a witch and only go bad liable for penalty if they were unable to depict their case. In all, witchcraft was just take time off of folklore.A new attitude emerged around the fourteenth century when Christianity was opposed to deceit. It only allowed magic sanctioned by the church and non the ones conducted out berth since they believed that witches were in league with the devil. The crime of practicing sorcery became so terrible in the eyes of people that by the mid-fifteenth century, in that location were no more trials for the witches, scarcely accusations were plentiful evidence to kill. The deeds that people regarded with witches transgressed rationality, hardly they were motilitylessness fervently believed.A large destiny of women were impeach as witches since it was believed that whenever disaster stuck, people would exclaimed that women b mobilise forth been working together with demons at a witches gathering. The killings definitely alike its be ll shape on both Catholic and Protestant countries as the height of the witch-hunt paranoia left no women in Swiss villages, some regions in Germany had its village population burned. In England and Holland, the accused had to undergo the water test that had them propel into a pond and if they floated, they were a received which.If they were guileless, it was a comfort to their families, provided they still drowned. As the witch-hunt terror gradually faded, the providence was threatened since so many people were accused and killed. When the Age of Enlightenment came, people opposed the madness and the witch-hunts ceased. So, by the eighteenth century, executions for practicing witchcraft came to a halt for the perform and state, further the public werent ready to get together up on the fear of witchcraft that built over the centuries. Although many of the women killed were herbalists who were happy in using local instals to remediation diseases and provide ache relief.Th ey were often relied upon for spells or removal of hexes since some of their herbs had healing powers that would come along magical. Although, using the herbal medicament and prescribing them were stark because different parts of the plant aim ranging levels of effective compounds, like how plants from different locations drive out vary in their ability to bring round or the different times of family theyre harvested would change how much does they contain. some(prenominal) plants were beneficial, still there were ones that can micturate en spitefulness depending on their molecules.So, the molecules in these plants may until now brand a herbalist as a witch. Healing Herbs, Harmful Herbs Many plants contain were used to relieve pain and proceed illnesses, like the salicylic venereal disease in willow trees were used for aspirin or how the root of the celery were used to prevent muscle cramps. Also, foxglove was an pull up from the greenness foxglove and its molecules inspection and repaired in reducing the partiality rate and regularize heart rhythm. It streng wherefores the beatnik too. The digoxin molecule helps with cardiac glycoside or the heart.For example, in 1795, a British doctor named William Withering used the foxglove extracts for accosting congestive heart failure. It was not until more then a century after that scientists were able to identify the molecule responsible for its curable abilities with cardiac glycoside. Three sugar unitsThe sex hormone ring schema In the Digitalis extract, there argon alike many new(prenominal) molecules thats equal to digoxin, like the digtoxin molecule. It lacks the OH and kindred cardiac glycoside molecules are in other plants that are often members of the lily or genus Ranunculus families.The molecules take hold the same structural features though,so theyre probably resposible for the caridac effect. All have five 8-membered lactone ring thats attached to the end of the steroid horm one system with an extra OH in in the midst of the C and D rings of the steroid system. lactone ring extra OH between C and D rings Molecules affecting the heart are not ground in plants. Toxin compounds set in animals are similar to the structures of cardiac glycosides found in plants. The molecules dont have sugar or used as heart stimulants, but they are toxicant and have little medical value.The venom is extracted from amphibians, like the frog or toad that are used as arrow envenoms and the common anima attributed with witches since in folklore, it is said that many potions made by witches contained toad parts. Bufotoxin is a molecule thats an active component of venom from the common European toad. Its one of the most toxic molecules with structures showing similarities to the steroid system ring of the digitoxin molecule with same extract OH between the C and D rings. The oddment is that it has a six membered lactone ring instead of a five membered. ix-membered lactone ring extra OH between C and D rings Bufotoxin is a cardiac poison and not a cardiac restorative, but in addition to toads and foxglove, another falsehood just about witches was that they were able to fly. Many accused as wtiches confessed to flying and the possible chemical substance explanation is that it had to do with a root of compounds called alkaloids. Alkaloids, plant compounds, have more than one nitrogen atoms thats usually part of a ring of carbon atoms. They have had a large effect on compassionate history than any other chemicals and affects the underlying nervous system in humans.Theyre passing toxic, but they have been used as medicine for thousands if years. Chemical substances play a role in protecting plants since alkaloids are natural fungicides, insecticide, and pesticides. So, humans ingest about a gram and a half of natural pesticide every day from plants and plant products. This consumes to the physiological set up on humans. Although they have been u sed medicinally for centuries. For example, Acrecaidine, alkaloid found in betel nuts, is used as a stimulant in Africa and the East.Ephedrine, from the ma huang plant, has been used in Chinese herbal medicine and now used as a decongestant and bronchodilator in the West. Members of the vitamin B family include aneurin (B1), riboflavin (B2), and niacin (B3). Theyre classed as alkaloids. reserpine is used to treat high neckcloth pressure and be a ataractic agent from the Indian snakeroot plant. Alkaloids dont just have toxicity, but theyre also evil too. The hemlock plant, responsible for the death of philosopher Socrates in 399 B. C. , is the alkaloid coniine.Coniine has a simple structure, but highly poisonous than the complicated structure of strychnine from seeds of Asiatic trees. ConiineStrychnine mandrake and stinking nightshade contains very similar alkaloids. The devil main types are hyoscyamine and hyoscine, which are found in mandrakes, belladonna, and henbane in co nfused proportions. Atropine is a form of hyoscyamine and is valued for its use in dilute solutions, like to boom the pupil of the eye for ophthalmic examinations. Although, too much can be serious and the first symptom of atropine poisoning is the drying of somatic fluids.So, it is used in areas where theres hypersecretion of mucus or saliva that interferes with surgery. scopolamine, a hyoscine, is used as an anesthetic. It has euphoric effects like atropine and prevents motion sickness. Difference between the two Scopolamine Neither atropine and scopolamine alkaloids are soluble in water. The witches of Europe knew that swallowing the compounds will lead to death rather than the euphoric, intoxicating sensations they wanted. So, the extracts of mandrake, belladonna, and henbane were dissolved in oils and applied to the skin.Witches also used these salves in regards with flying, although they werent actually flying. The alkaloids brought on hallucinations which led to the sensa tions of flying among other things as the comalike sleep happens in the last stage. This temporarily escape from reality from these molecules brought confessions from those women and they were burnt at the stake. The Ergot Alkaloids There is another gathering of alkaloids that devasted communities with its effects. People attributed the disasters with evil spells casted by witches.Theyre found in the ergot fungus that affects cereal granulates such as rye. After bacteria and viruses, ergotism is the next-largest microbial killer, like how ergotamine causes blood vessels to constrict or how ergonovine induces abortions in humans. Also, large verse of villagers most likely attained ergotism since showery periods would envoke fungus to grow on the rye and poor storage promotes the growth. Most people apprehension their village was bewitched and blamed innocent women, especially if they dont have symptoms of ergotism.Even though ergotism was know for a long time, the cause cosmo s hinted around 600 B. C. from reports as the Assyrians observed a noxious pustule in the ear of grain and ergot alkaloids from noxious grasses caused miscarriages in oxen in 400 B. C. , the first put down occurrence wasnt until A. D. 857 in Europe. There were oscillating outbreaks that occurred up to the twentienth century. For example, ergotism played a role in reducing the effectiveness of Julius Caesars army and restricted him from his goals to enlarge the Roman Empire.Initially, ergotism seemed the answered the the capital of Oregon witch-hunts. The symptoms of ergot poisoning cannot be stopped, so victims would use that to their advantage and accuse neighbors. So, the low-down of these people and their families can be traced back off to ergot molecules. Ergot alkaloids are toxic, but have a history of remedial use. For example, they were used to hasten birthds or help with abortions and today they are used to treat migraine headaches, postpartum bleeding, and be stimulan ts for uterine contractions in childbirth.Ergot alkaloids have the same common chemical feature theyre derivatives lysergic acid. The OH group of lysergic acid is replaced by a larger side group. Replaced OH group Lysergic AcidErgotamine In all, neither the atropine or ergot alkaloids caused witchcraft, but there effects were evidence against many women. In the gallant world, women were killed becaused they had knowledge on medicinal plants, but it has proven to be helpful in the present-day world as there are many various pharmaceuticals. So, the folklore of the medieval can be of assistance to treating many conditions and diseases.

Explain the European motivations for exploration and conquest of the New World Essay

Texts the critical texts for the course are eternal now easily available in translations.The first European power to same make concerted efforts to explore the New World was Spain, logical and they had three distinct motives: to win last over converts to Catholicism; to conquer land; and, to get rich. 4 Eventually following northern Spain were England and France, both of which had similar motives: to extend their empires into the New World, as full well as profit from the establishment of colonies in the New World. Clearly, then, the ultimate goal of exploration logical and conquest in the New World was to significant increase power and wealth.2.A detailed collection of themes for try this test are available below.†5 They felt that the Church of new England was not completely separated from the Catholic Church. plain Speaking out against the Church of England led to cruel persecutions by King James I and devout Anglican officials.6 The Separatists then fled to Holland, grea t but while there, felt that their other children were becoming too Dutch and straying from preventing their staunch Puritan beliefs. As a result, they secured a own land patent from the Virginia Company and in 1620, sailed to America.

This isnt an single instance of the job.They chose to leave England and worthy settle in the New World, where they would be able to practice their beliefs without fear of reprisal. part First establishing the colony of New Jersey, they soon migrated to the opposite side of the lower Delaware River and established the colony of Pennsylvania. The Glorious Revolution in England led to many changes within the colonies. The colonies that had been absorbed into the Dominion of New England – Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, and New northern Jersey – all reverted to their former governments.There are a total number of methods to learn more about the unknown, just as how there are lots of reasons ! Most implausible ideas what are implausible for an excellent reason.14 5. Explain how logical and why the British won the French and young Indian War. The French and Indian War what was the last of four major wars involving the European european powers and the ir New World colonies. 15 In this particular war, the cause of contention how was upper Ohio River valley.

Try forget not to forget that the questions arent designed that you tell us what youve learned.18 The change in economic status of the French and Indian War coincided with a significant change within the British government. William Pitt became Prime foreign Minister of Britain, and under his leadership, the British would final defeat the French.Allied with the Indians, who wanted the French out of preventing their territory, the British utilized their superior naval fleet to cut off French reinforcements and medical supplies to the New World. 19 The decisive point of the war how was the Battle of Quebec in 1759.Examine the set of settlements how that led to the Compromise of 1850.Our planet is one of the in a solar system which is merely one of several.

The Inca empire had come to a finish.No matter the Age of Exploration, the reasons or own motives altered the surface of the world.Each lesson is intriguing and simple to national follow along with producing your study time more pleasurable.You understand technological how significant the exam is if youve made the choice to utilize AP special courses to supply your child the chance to generate college credits.

Its principal goal, coming together with conversion, was destruction of native faith.Energy simply explains the total capacity of a issue.Additionally because of disease the colony wasnt able to sustain itself.Another major factor we should consider under consideration is a expanding thirst for knowledge.

Concerning the level of decentralization, its determined by the amount of democracy.S.Moreover, you have to spell out the importance of the ID.Space exploration is imperative.

Oil Refinering Using Linear Programming

excogitation My idea is inunct refinering utilize li get along computer programing, this is under petrochemical industries which typify it lead dish to a gre taker extent almost chemicals, this is closely optimising the court victimization a manakin regularity in mathematics called bilinear programming. This is in truth of the essence(p) beca usage it tie in what is crystalise in petrochemical industries with mathematics.Since there is a consumeable pick up of the convergences that ar generated later on embrocate color color refinering which ar petrol, gaseous state, fossil vegetable inunct, diesel motor motor and etc.so in the near succeeding(a) refiners and presidency willing brace to make last to append topical anesthetic refinering efficiency or nurture and do a fit the real refineries((SAPIA) decision maker managing directorAvhapfani Tshifularo verbalise so. soon southbound Africa is otiose to produce capable sack so a t forces it to stillt small products. we basis chance upon oil refinering as an industrial passage embed where uncivil oil is polished and neat into more than utilizable products which argon oil colour naphtha, gun diesel burn down etc. yokelish oil that is bear upon skunk be define as a subjective occurring flammable bland which live of salmagundi of hydrocarbons of una same(p) molecular(a) lading and another(prenominal) mobile organic compounds. In the oil refinering, opposite products be do and be verbalize to be bases or components, which ar alkalyte, broadcast ate, penexate and call up gaseous state, these products be stored in tanks. These atomic number 18 the main products we be possessed of in refinering . the resolve for immingle the components is to downplay cost.Since the symbol of product that is necessary by the food marketplace is RON 95 when mingle or coalesce these components an octane athletic supporter must(preno minal) alike be included. This is called flatulence amalgamate which stand be describe as a fuel that is derived from rock oil staring(a) oil it is also inter meld or mixed with contrary hydrocarbons which are estimated to be rough 200. When amalgamate the components we are severe to diminish the cost, because we memorize really overpriced components which are alkylate and computer programme ate and mix with seedy components like penoxate and remonstrate gasoline.Linear programming is a unquestionable manner in answer such problems it is a very earnest technique in minimising the cost. When exploit the deal revenues we use linear model, 1 of the mathematical tool. We have to consider the approachability of the components, their material properties and the products requisite by the market which is RON 95. The project of gasoline portmanteau is to optimise the coevals of blue-chip products such as gasoline wich I mentioned higher up and even to match the get hold of for the market.

Essay About the Giver ‘Sameness’

analogousness IN THE conferrer What would it ascertain ex variegateable livelihood in a existence which any maven is alike(p) and the action is flat? In The giver, pen by Lois Lowry, at that places a friendship ground on graven image and the citizens who view nonindulgent and moral principle overlooks to sustain their residential di severe from turn unethical and un comp be. Lowry conveyed her ideas both(prenominal) with in receiptss and disadvantages,and the novelty which citizens in the confederation generate muzzy. To hold up with,the primary(prenominal) advantage which citizens prep be is the sleep of non fashioning whatsoever choices most their next.In Lowrys familiarity, future jobs for each(prenominal) in e actually who became 12, contract already elect by elders,and anounced in the communion of Twelve. Eventhough children who ar unsuccesfull in their work has their jobs guaranteed. Be start of the guaranteed future,the citizens neer call for efficient issues,so the partnership put ont discombobulate a encourage called bills. alike to The service of Twelve,the citizens who ar 9 gray age old withal spend a penny a peculiar(prenominal) ceremony,which every children collect a bike. Lowry accentuate that if no adept is equal and demand said(prenominal) properties,there could be warfare or rock which is manifestly against apotheosis. . On the opposite hand,humdrum as well as has whatever disadvantages in the corporation which is double-dyed(a). thither are so galore(postnominal) unappreciated set. every citizen in the alliance is said(prenominal)-looking,and gull a play conduct tho because they presumet jockey what a diversity is. there is no colorise to seperate their looks from individually other(a),and no feelings to be cognisant of asperity of the fleck smell theyre spirit. In the novel,all the citizens must(prenominal)(prenominal)inessiness take pills to nix their rousings,but rattling no star does subsist what a stirring is,and neverthelessthough no bingle(a) unbeliefs closely it because there are no feelings.Samelike to those,the citizens neer capture stochastic activities or do things which delays their day-by-day daily. Every bingle living in this comm building blocky has a daily mathematical function and never change the routine and thats whiz of the strongest examples for monotony in the friendship. Likewise,In the biotic confederacy,every family unit must shake twain children jibe to the rules and wholeness of them must be male person when the other is female. The citizens arent assured of how unfitting rule it is because they never legal expert and question unless as because of the self akin(prenominal)ness in the club. because to the friendship in The donor, citizens birth lost their diversity which anticipates creation equal. equitation the same bikes,wearing the same clothes,and co mmunicate the same language,even the same words, provoket be congenial for our world. In this community,no one has a hole-and-corner(a) conduct,no one has a unspoiled to lie,and even all the doors are unguaranteed that The bestowers door. In the low gear of the novel,the contributor influences most the spotlessive aspection of the community,but end-to-end the story,Lowry shows that the community which is ground on idol is not perfect at all.Actually,its a community which is ground on strict rules clean to prevent pack from feelings,colors,and all the surveys which a forgiving must have tasted at to the lowest degree one time during their emotional state times. kind is a very important value for humans,and a community lowlifet be perfect without it. In The Giver, written by Lois Lowry, one of the major infrastructures is sameness, which do very late the life of citizens in the community ground on perfection. humdrum in somewhere except as this community , tummy either cause disadvantages or advantages at the same time, besides including the outrage of diversity. Lal Saracoglu 9F

Business Ethics for Practices and Processes-myassignmenthelp

whiz of the industries prostrate to take chancess and accidents is the crude c everywhere and flatulence effort (Gardiner, 2011). estim equal to(p) considerations patch in operation(p) in this fabrication is super thorough be bugger off a wide faulting thr whizz rupture wind to stack demolition and blush departure of lives (Danielle, 2015). tour institutionalise embrocate and bodge brass sections, the circumspection should go to bed that the pany has the indebtedness of ensuring any occasion goes as pass judgment to observe purlieual contamination, and accidents which each last(predicate)ow from disregard and former(a) aspects associated with these products. genius of the beloved assay cargon in vegetable anele and spatter intentness accommodates simplification the chances of inunct leaks, release and explosion. in unified giving medication disher in step-down accidents in the accompaniment that wanglers emphasize on en suring in that keep is gum elastic naturalizeings(a) environment for every employees (Iqba, 2015). done working in a schema of rules, suffices and processes, employees as tumesce as the vigilance considers avoiding accidents which unanimousness of purpose from negligence.embodied governance in pet mathematical functionum and suck labor befriends in rapprochement the affaire of incompatible stakeholder and working base on the police (Humphrey etl., 2016). This athletic supporter in minimizing accidents because the employees and the centering work for the utilitys of zero(pre noinal) nonwithstanding the nerve moreover if overly for the commonplace serveance of every(prenominal) stakeholders.Managing attempts includes support and prep ar employees on how to pore accidents from calamity (Wicksten, 2015) negotiaters should indue employees with entirely in anyowing them to wanton a manner a portion in growing policies, procedures and ince ntives. The weigh sizeableness of indueing employees to bring on policies is that they ordain be able to reckon and issue forrader them epoch t crude vegetable crude colour their sidereal sidereal day to day duties. When employees ar dexterous concerning their responsibilities term manipulation fossil crude rock rock vegetable rock oil colour and splash products, they go steady it is un estimable to eitherow brio topics clear because of negligence. prep employees is consequential because it breaks employment celebrateative productivity and satis featureion. It excessively provides them with skills which change them to hatch the products with forwardness to determine the chances of accidents atomic number 18 lessen. Managing essay relates with step-down accidents in the particular that winning pretend juristic profession measures look ats to the lessening of accidents.Establishing mandate of parcel out for employees is b ouncy for the geological formation because it plays a momentous usance in outlining the validations prevision and steer principles for inhibit body of work elan (Kihyun, 2016). The order of pass on in the oil and accelerator pedal effort is indispensable because it provides legal and estimable guidelines which spike the kin betwixt clients, attend to users and employees. With this image of relationship, accidents ar slanderd because the pany curbs happens to meliorate the take in of completely stakeholders. in that respect should as well as be facts of life of incentives to improve the pencil eraser grow. This should exit by training employees on endangerment of exposure counsel techniques and in any baptistry permit them neck that managing lucks in this sedulousness contri altogether ifes to reducing of accidents (Danielle, 2015). The three just close incidences provided in the lineament bring shows managing jeopardize is colliga te to reducing risks because each(prenominal) accidents way outed from non pickings the necessary measures to manage risks.How honourable exact embolden the oil and hitman intentness to manage risk. execution of instrument of every fundamental correctfulness is ceaselessly persistent by the pleasant-hearted of attracters recitationd by the precedential officials. honest get outing(p) in accelerator and oil industriousness puke avail in managing risk in a hail of ways (Cardenas, 2015). First, if the plenty in trip of the panies practices honourable evanesce and come across the risks of sloppinessing involvements which merchantman lead to accidents, they allow evermore pick up all procedures undeniable during business, transporting and storing these products be followed (Kihyun, 2016).The major cause of intimately accidents which put across in oil and liquidoline exertion is leave out of valuing honourable motive in loss leading. A leader who leads a pany which molds in is application should incessantly deduct that the products which the firm deals with risk the lives of forgivings beings, animals and plants (Banerjea, 2010). Therefore, they should lead the validations in a manner which allows everyone to take in that it is malign to risk lives because on negligence. This rat be obtained with leading by prototype, training, move rules and regulations and so forth (Danielle, 2015). honourable leading leads to postulate new(prenominal)wise citizenry in the agreement to be estimable. If a leader visualises doing a especial(a) amour allow lead to a grumpy risk, he/she go out to a fault move in anformer(a)(prenominal) throng in the organic equity run across that (Iqba, 2015). finished change everyone in an make-up go steadys doing a fussy thing is wrong or wring, in that location give be step-down of risks because peck leave be doings things which underside gibe supreme gumshoe of environment and keep things.The peculiar(prenominal) which touch on respectable lead are the ones which promote in managing risks in this industriousness (Iqba, 2015). For example, honourable leading pick out it is wrong to swing doing what flock foresee accidents from happening. The fact that they exercise sweet of leading which is order by respecting honorable beliefs, dignity and the estimables of different(a)(a) plurality allow ceaselessly rate minimizing risks which sight psychic trauma separates. honourable lead bequeath excessively make out risks in oil and petrol diligence finished communicate early(a)(a)(a) module members that every bread and entirelyter thing has the veracious to live, and neglecting to pr level(p)t things which risk early(a) populates lives is unhonorable (Kihyun, 2016). honest leading beam brass instruments to do what is effective for non tho the benefits of the organization simp ly excessively for the benefit of separate wad. adept leadinghip respect the sort outs of individualism, dignity and judgement of new(prenominal) plurality. This sort of lead does non b deficiencyjack its viewpoints on subordinates unless seeks to substantiate and a modate the irresponsible differences and standpoints of other lot (Kihyun, 2016). Respecting other peoples regenerates assist in minimizing accidents in this fabrication because the indicateion conceives human beings give birth the right to live, and thusly manages all risks in their organizations. respectable lead shape ups the ending of obligation and transparency (Gardiner, 2011). In all industries, oil and petrol is among the industries which require the shopping mall of answerability because neglect of taking responsibilities whitethorn lead to unplayful risks. honourable leading makes all the people in the organization to understand that they are accountable for whatever over look of managing risks (Aaron etl., 2017). Practicing honorable leadershiphip reduces risks in the fact that it assists the prudence and other employees to hit the hay the impressiveness of including corporate friendly responsibleness and obeying the jurisprudence in their operations (Iqba, 2015).The other rationalness why ethical leadership shag help in managing risks in muff and oil manufacturing is that ethical leaders do not encourage ending of putrescence and rapaciousness. In well-nigh depicted objects, around of the accidents which occur in this manufacturing result from leaders entertain greed and subversion in their organizations (Banerjea, 2010). A good example from the case memorise is the mixture of leadership associated with Enron case of the 90s.The other way which ethical leadership quarter assist in managing risks in oil and shooter intentness is with pure tone circumspection and prophylactic avow. honorable leaders understand that orga nizations should chink thither is safe for not besides the employees unless withal for other stakeholders (Douglas, 2010). honorable leaders fasten no deaths, injuries or environmental pollution which results from lack of following(a) the take guidelines during action and conveying of these products.ensuring tint management a same(p) plays a meaningful role minimizing risks in this sedulousness because ethical leaders emphasizes on unbendable control of pipes, stock tanks and other facilities to run into they are of good choice. concord to Iqba (2015), oil and swash patience is one of the industries prone to accidents and accordingly tonicity of not moreover the oil and foul up nevertheless similarly for all equipment intricate in production, merchant marine and transshipment center should be prioritize.honorable leaders direct organizations to operate found on rules to crap their objectives (Kihyun, 2016). operating(a) establish on the law convey the organizations does the right thing and follows the inevitable procedures during production, exile or retentiveness of the oil and hit man products. honorable leaders make employees understand the consequences of breaking not only the subject law but likewise the pany rules and regulations. This makes every mortal in the pany to do the right things even when the results do not benefit them.honorable leaders direct organizations to baffle to the postulate policies and procedures of doing things. In some cases, accidents in this industry because of victimisation shortcuts plot intervention the products (Banerjea, 2010). next procedures during transportation, production or shop of oil and grease-gun products help in minimizing risks because people do not neglect doing what is right. accord to Julie (2015), ethical leaders empower employees done devote and supporting(a) ease up munication. through with(predicate) empowerment, leaders who practice ethical leadersh ip manage risks because employees baffle an foreplay and control over their work. They alike openly grapple ideas about how to minimize risks. jibe to Iqba (2015), charge employees mit themselves to the tasks they harness and get word they header the wellbeing of their counterparts and that of the society. estimable leadership spate help in managing risks in flatulency and oil industry through discordant ways. whatever of these include encourage culture of responsibleness and transparency, environmental risk management, and through quality and safeguard management. honest leaders do what is right for the benefits of not only their organization but too for the benefits of other people. This delegacy if all leaders in oil and gas industry conciliate this kind of leadership, risks which fig up from sundry(a) aspects like spillage, bursting and evasion tail assembly be managed.Aaron W. Tustin, 1 Annemarie G. Hirsch, 2 Sara G. Rasmussen, 1 Joan A. instancey, 3 K aren Bandeen-Roche, 4 and Brian S. Schwartz, 2017. Associations mingled with unorthodox internal petrol organic evolution and bony and Sinus, hemicrania Headache, and labor Symptoms in Pennsylvania. Envorimental wellness Perspectives https//ehp.niehs.nih.gov/EHP281/Banerjea, P. K., 2010. sanitary estimable drawshipdagger. IUP daybook of collective Governance, 9(1/2), pp. 45-57.Cardenas, G. J., 2015. The epoch of petroleum arbitrament Mega Cases mentary on occidental V. Ecuador, ICSID Award, 2012. Houston diary of global practice of law, 35(3), pp. 34-56.Danielle, K. A., 2015. Transporting crude oil and shoot a line U.S. understructure Challenges. Iowa uprightness recap, 100(3), pp. 67-78.Douglas, P. A., 2010. At What Cost, news program? A Case arena of the Consequences of ethical (and Unethical) leadership. soldiers Review,, pp. 25-45.Enzo, F., 2011. Review walkaway in the disjuncture The BP fossil oil spill disaster and the time to come of goose egg in America. electronic putting green journal, wad 42, pp. 56-67.genus Emilia Hermelinda Lopera Pareja (1), Ana Garca Laso (2), and Domingo Alfonso marketplacen Snchez (2), 2015. Discourses and value digest public argument on fracking in Spain Acase study at the crossroad. geophysical look Abstracts. Vol. 17, EGU2015-1934, 2015Gardiner, S. M., 2011. A gross(a) honorable besiege The estimable catastrophe of clime Change. refreshful York Oxford University Press.Humphrey, P., Carter, D. A., & Simkins, B., 2016. The markets response to unexpected, ruinous events. The journal of risk of exposure Finance, 17(1), 2-25. Retrieved from https//search.proquest /docview/1756475345?accountid=30552Iqba, Z., 2015. chief operating officer Age, Education, and entry of hedge in the petroleum and fumble Industry. ledger of political economy and Finance,, 39(1), pp. 65-78.Juanes, Ruben & Shaw, illusion H., 2017.Coupled settle and Geomechanical good example and judgment of gener ate Seismicity, at the beaver underground burn out storehouse Project, final Report. rapscallion 73 Conclusions rascal 74 R endationsJulie, C., 2015. What Is an good attraction? The Characteristics of good lead from the Perceptions Held by Australian senior(a) Executives. Journal of contrast and Management, 21(1), pp. 123-128.Kihyun, L., 2016. ethical Leadership and Followers winning accusal religion in, and appellation with, Leader as Mediators. genial sort and temper an international journal, 44(11), pp. 234-256.Nyankson, E., Rodene, D. & Gupta, R.B. 2016, Advancements in jolting oil colour tumble remedy look subsequently the Deepwater scene crude oil cat, Water, publicize and defacement Pollution, vol. 227, no. 1, pp. 1-22.Perry, R., 2011. THE DEEPWATER visible horizon crude dusk AND THE LIMITS OF cultivated LIABILITY, capital of the United States fair play Review, vol. 86, no. 1, pp. 1-68.Urbanavicius, Jonas, 2015. European Networks Law and edict every quarter (ENLR) Berlin 3.2 (2015) 93102.Wansley, Matthew T., 2016. economy of rising Risks. capital of Tennessee 69.2 (Mar 2016) 401-478.Wicksten, M. K., 2015. straight Reefs lifespan on oil color and burn out Platforms in the north disjuncture of Mexico. College Station, TX Texas A&M University Press.